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Canadian History (17th to 19th century)
New France/Upper Canada/Canada West/Province Of Ontario
...these times were researched and prepared through the
generousity of the Upper Canada Law Society
Scavmgefjfmn j
'(Pioneers
1604 Mcittieu da Costa is the first known person of African descent to arrive in
Canada. Me sailed with the Champlain-Poulrincourt expedition. His linguistic expertise
made him a valuable member to the crew. Me spoke numerous languages including
Micmac and French and was an interpreter for Champlain. Da Costa was a well educated
individual and was a charier member of Canada’s oldest club, The Order of Canada.
1628
Olivier Le Jenne (a native of Madagascar) is the first known black person to
have lived in Canada. Me came to Canada at the age of seven during the invasion of New
France. He was a slave of British Commander, David Kirk. After a time he was sold to a
Quebec resident who sent him to a school that had been established by a Jesuit priest
named Father Le Jeune. He was later baptized as Olivier Le Jeune. Me died on May 10"\
1654 with status of a freeperson.
Louis XIV sanctioned the longstanding practice of slavery- in New France. Blacks
1709
were among the first pioneers in New France as many of them had been brought as slaves
to fur trading posts and settlements. These black pioneers helped to clear the land and
establish these early posts and settlements.
Treaty of Utrecht is signed. This allows the French territory of Acadia to be
1713
transferred to the British. Settlers, bringing their slaves w ith them from New England,
moved into the area (which was renamed Nova Scotia). Many of these slaves had brought
valuable skills w ith them, learned in Africa, these skilled tradesmen were then sold to
American colonics when their work was no longer needed in Canada. The city of Halifax
was built by the labor of slaves.
1734 A/arie-Joseph Angelique was the slave of a wealthy Montreal merchant. On
April 11, in an drastic act of resistance, she set fire to her masters’ house so that it would
divert attention from her escape. The fire destroyed 46 buildings including the Hotel
Dieu. Once caught she was publicly tortured and hanged.
Britain conquered New France. The slave system, previously established in
1760
Quebec, were continued under British Rule. Although census records had not yet been
established, it is estimated that approximately 500 or 600 slaves lived in Canada during
the 18^ century. These slaves were Blacks and Pawnee Indians.
1775 American Revolution: The British government encouraged colonists to join with
them to fight. For this involvement they promised free land grants and military postings.
Slaves were offered their freedom along with free land and postings. Many joined in the
fight.
After the war, United Umpire Loyalists (URL), as they were now known moved
1783
from America to the Bahamas, Bermuda, the West Indies, East and West Florida and
Canada. Over 30,000 people moved to Nova Scotia and Quebec. The Loyalists were
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comprised of a diverse ethnic makeup (European, British, Aboriginal and Africans). Over
3,000 Black Loyalists (including the famous Black Pioneers, which was an all black
militia unit) received land grants in Canada.
British Act of 1790 allowed new settlers to bring slaves into what was to be
1790
known as Upper Canada for the value of "forty shillings" a person.
1791
1793
Separation of upper and lower provinces into Upper and Lower Canada.
The first Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada. Lieutenant-Colonel John
Graves Simcoe and his wife Elizabeth were
abolitionists who lobbied for the dismantling of slavery
i in Upper Canada. Ironically, 6 of the 16 legislators in
Hf the first Parliament of Upper Canada were slave
mH owners.
John Graves Simcoe, First Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada Founder of
Toronto (Portrait by Jean Laurent Mosnier)
ChiefJustice Osgoode drafted a bill which was intended to contain slavery in
1793
Upper Canada. The first Parliament of the Province of Upper Canada passed the
legislation the Statute of 1793. This statute prohibited the importation of slaves into
Upper Canada. It is considered the first specific human rights law in the British Empire to
address the institute of slavery. Although the law did not abolish slavery in Upper Canada
it did allow the children of the then slaves to be freed at the age of twenty-five.
1803
William Osgoode while Chief Justice of Lower Canada (named in 1793)
spearheaded the historic decision that slavery was inconsistent with British Law.
Although the judgement did not legally abolish slavery, over 300 slaves were set free in<
Lower Canada. This judgement let slave owners that Canada was inhospitable towards
slavery and a clear anti-slavery foundation began to be established.
During the War of 1812 man Blacks fought alongside of the British, in Black
1812
militia units. When the war ended, Sir Peregrine Maitland, the Lieutenant-Governor of
Upper Canada, offer land grants to the Black veterans and refugees. This settlement was
formed on what is Oro township today.
Upper Canada’s Attorney General, John Beverly Robinson, declared that Blacks who
resided on Canadian soil would be free. He also promised that Canadian courts would
uphold that freedom. Soon American Blacks began to hear that they loo could bo lrcc in
Canada and would be protected under British Law. Canada began to be viewed as a safe
haven.
182(1
It is believed that the Underground Railroad (UGR) movement began by a group
of Pennsylvania Quakers in 1804. During the 1800s many people, who opposed slavery,
had formed a complicated system of networks and escape routes. These routes led to
freedom in Canada. By 1820, the escape routes of this system were firmly established
throughout the United Stales. During the 1830’s and 40’s many UGR terminals and
stations had been set up in Canada. It is estimated that approximately 30,000 Blacks came
across the border in the early and mid 1800's. Many of these Blacks (Fugitive Slaves and
Free Blacks) did not use this underground system, escaping by themselves to freedom in
Canada.
1830
Josiah Henson, his w ife and four children escaped to Canada on October 2S1*1.
v.. 1&30 through the UGR. Josiah and his family remained
_
Canada, where today there is a historical site. Many
newcomers found comfort at the Dawn settlement
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established in part by Josiah. In 1852 Unde Tom's Cabin written bv Harriet Beecher
Stowe, was published. It is believed that the life of Josiah was the template for the book.
This famous book inspired numerous individuals to join the abolitionist cause.
Josiah Henson & his wife (Photo Credit:: Metropolitan Toronto Library Board)
1833
The British Imperial Act of 1833 was passed ending slavery throughout the
British Umpire. This act caused the largest influx of Blacks arriving into Canada West
during 1830 and 1860. It is estimated that approximately 30 to 50 ,000 moved to Canada
during this period.
Mackenzie Rebellion: The government of Upper Canada enrolled Blacks in all
1837
Black Militia units., i.e. Runcheys Rangers. However, enterprising Blacks forged their
own militia unit before enlisted by the government. They formed groups like Captain
Caldwell’s Coloured Volunteers.
Anderson R. Abbott, a surgeon, soldier, poet and educator was bom in Toronto. He
became the first Canadian Black doctor. Black men were awarded the right to vote.
Women could not.
There w ere a number of boats on the Great Lakes that assisted the abolitionist
1842
cause. Often they gav e free passage to fugitive slaves. William Wells Brown, a former
slave and owner of a number of boats, brought 69 slaves into Canada from May to
December.
A fugitive slave Nelson Hackett is forced to return to his master and the United States.
This ignited the abolitionist cause further and was a highly publicized event.
1849
Harriet Tubman escaped from slavery around this lime period. She was to
become one of the most famous Underground
railroad operators. It is believed that she
returned into the United States over 19 times
to help over 300 slaves escape. Her name and
activities were so well known that a $40,000
bounty was established by angry slave
owners. Tubman resided in St. Catharines,
Ontario for over eight years. The town was
an important location for the UGR as citizens
were empathclic to the abolitionist cause. She
was considered a military and logistics
genius. At the start of the American Civil
War, she was recruited to act as a spy for the
Union Army.
Harriet Tubman & her charges (Photo
Credit:Metropolitan Toronto Library Board)
1850
U.S. Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Act which spearheaded an exodus of
Free Blacks and fugitive slaves into Canada. The Act threatened the safety of free Blacks
who lived in the Northern Free Slates. It enabled them to be captured and sold back into
slavery.
The Common Schools Act is passed in Canada West. This piece of legislation sanctioned
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ihe racial separation of schools lor Blacks and Whites. Black parents protested by
establishing their own religious based schools for their children. The practice of racial
segregation continued into the early 1900's in many areas throughout Canada West.
The Toronto Anti-Slaveit Society was formed. The first meeting was held at the
1851
St. Lawrence Hall in Toronto. Ironically this location was used previously for slave
auctions. George Brown of the Globe was one of the founding members Of the society.
Extremely influencial, he was an abolitionist who helped to make Toronto a hotbed for
the anti-slavery cause. Toronto, the only area not to segregate its schools by race,
influenced the surrounding areas with its anti-racist sentiments.
1852
•;i-
rY.v".
liemy Bibb published and distributed The Anti-Slave iv Harp ,a collection of
popular anti-slavery songs in Windsor, Ontario. Henry and Maty
Bibb established the Voice ofthe Fugitive Canada's first anti-slavery
^•mewspaper.
V*--m '
. ..
■.
Henry Bibb (Photo Credit: Ontario Department of Travel &
publicity)
,r
1853 The Provincial Freeman, an anti-slavery newspaper was started in Windsor,
Ontario. Maty Ann Shadd is believed to be the first Black female newspaper editor in
North America.
1855
The first black lawyer was called to the bar in 1855. Through the research of
flgjjp|§l&fhe Law Society of Upper Canada in 1992 it was discovered that
m&Robert Sutherland was actually the first black lawyer and not Delos
1/toge.s/ Davis as was previously believed.
■rsm
[,\ lary Ann Shadd Cary (Photo Credit: Daniel G. Hill)
tjj
Dr. Alexander Milton Ross, a physician, ornithologist and abolitionist helped
hundreds of slaves escape to freedom. Under the guise of searching
for rare birds he traveled extensively throughout the American
south where he aided slaves escape to Canadian via the
Underground Railroad.
;
%
■ • ’ • Hr. Alexander Milton Ross (Photo Credit:Metropolitan Toronto
Ubrary Board)
1856 Major Martin Delany, M.D. was die first black to graduate in medicine from
Harvard University. He was successful in bringing the 1856 cholera epidemic under
control in the city of Chatham, Ontario.
1858
American abolitionist John Brown met his contemporaries in Chatham, Ontario
to plan his attack on Harper's Ferry in Virginia. In may of 1859 the
attack failed and John Brown was tried for high treason. He was
found guilty and hanged. He became a martyr for the abolitionist
cause and was revered by abolitionists on both sides of the border.
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John Brown (Photo Credit: Metropolitan Toronto Library Board)
1859
Abraham Shadd was the first Black Canadian to be elected to public office.
I860
It is estimated that there were between 30,000 to 50,000 people of African
descent in Canada.
1861 Anderson Ruffin Abbott became the first Canadian bom Black doctor. During the
American Civil War he was one of eight black surgeons to work with the union army.
1862
At the outbreak of the American Civil War many of the Americans who had
earlier escaped to Canada returned to the United Stales to help fight in the war. This
caused a major reduction of Blacks residing in the Province.
1886
Delois Davis became the second black lawyer in Upper Canada. He was
admitted to the Law Society of Upper Canada on May 19. 1885 and was called to be bar
on November 15,i\ 1886. Although he completed his law studies at the University of
Toronto, he could not find a law firm to article with. He was appointed to Kings Counsel
in 1910. His son Frederick Davis became Ontario’s second black lawyer in 1900. Father
and son set up the practice Davis and Davis in Amherslburg, Ontario.
At the age of 51, William Hubbard entered civic politics in Toronto. He was the
1893
first alderman to be elected in his Ward (4). He was reelected even' year for the next 13
years. Between 1904 and 1907 he was on the Board of Control as Vice Chairman and
acted as Deputy Mayor.
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Lyman Wilmot House
Description
An account of the resource
This collection consists of records related to the Deerfield Public Library's research into whether or not the Wilmot house could be proved to have been a stop on the Underground Railroad.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Deerfield Public Library
Source
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Deerfield Public Library
Publisher
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Deerfield Public Library
Date
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2002
Language
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English
Identifier
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DPL.0013
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Time Lines: Canadian History (17th to 19th Century) New France / Upper Canada / Canada West / Province of Ontario
Description
An account of the resource
Printout from webpage of a timeline of Canadian history focusing on New France, Upper Canada, Canada West, and Ontario. Some highlighting.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Upper Canada Law Society
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
Accessed 02/08/2002
Language
A language of the resource
English
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
DPL.0013.035
Abolitionism
Abolitionist
Abraham Shadd
Acadia Canada
Africa
African American Loyalists
African American Slaves
African Canadian Doctors
African Canadian Refugees
African Canadian Suffrage
African Canadian Veterans
Alexander Milton Ross
American Civil War
American Colonies
American Revolution
Amherstburg Ontario
Anderson R. Abbott
Anderson Ruffin Abbott
Anti-Slavery Newspapers
Bahamas
Bermuda
Black Pioneers Militia Unit
British Act of 1790
British Army Black Militia Units
British Empire
British Empire Abolition of Slavery
British Imperial Act of 1833
British Law
British Rule of Canada
Canada
Canada West
Canadian Abolishment of Slavery
Canadian Civic Politics
Canadian History
Canadian Segregation
Canadian Slavery
Canadian Slavery Statutes
Canadian Statute of 1793
Captain Caldwell's Coloured Volunteers
Champlain-Poutrincourt Expedition
Chatham Ontario Canada
Chief Justice of Lower Canada
Chief Justice Osgoode
Cholera
Common Schools Act
Daniel G. Hill
David Kirk
Davis and Davis
Dawn Settlement Canada
Delois Davis
Delos Rogest Davis
East Florida
Elizabeth Graves Simcoe
Father Le Juene
Florida
Frederick Davis
French Language
Fugitive Slave Act
Fur Trade
George Brown
Great Lakes
Halifax Nova Scotia
Harper's Ferry
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Harriet Tubman
Harvard University
Henry Bibb
Hotel Dieu
Human Rights Laws
John Beverly Robinson
John Brown
John Graves Simcoe
Josiah Henson
Kings Counsel
Law Society of Upper Canada
Louis XIV
Lower Canada
Loyalists
Mackenzie Rebellion
Madagascar
Marie-Joseph Angelique
Martin Delany
Mary Ann Shadd
Mary Bibb
Mattieu da Costa
Metropolitan Toronto Library Board
Micmac Language
Montreal Quebec Canada
Nelson Hackett
New England
New France
Nova Scotia Canada
Oliver Le Jeune
Ontario Canada
Ontario Department of Travel and Publicity
Ornithologist
Oro Township Canada
Pawnee Native American Slaves
Pawnee Native American Tribe
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Quakers
Peregrine Maitland
Physician
Printout
Provincial Freeman
Quebec Canada
Robert Sutherland
Runcheys Rangers
Samuel de Champlain
St. Catharines Ontario Canada
St. Lawrence Hall
The Anti-Slavery Harp
The Order of Canada
Timelines
Toronto Alderman
Toronto Anti-Slavery Society
Toronto Board of Control
Toronto Deputy Mayor
Toronto Globe
Toronto Ontario Canada
Treaty of Utrecht
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Underground Railroad
Underground Railroad Operators
Union Army
Union Army Spies
Union Army Surgeons
United Empire Loyalists
United States Congress
University of Toronto
Upper Canada
Upper Canada Attorney General
Upper Canada Law Society
Upper Canada Lieutenant Governor
Upper Canada Parliament
Virginia
Voice of the Fugitive
War of 1812
Website
West Florida
West Indies
William Hubbard
William Osgoode
William Wells Brown
Windsor Ontario Canada