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I
Summer .
1994,
Deerfield Public Library, Volume 9, Number 3
Celebrate and Head!
Sazonoff Refires From Board
c
D
he Adult Summer
Reading Club goes
outdoors this year
with Hats Off to
Reading June 11-August 12.
Register at the Reference Desk
\ fer yoifr gift sport cap to begin a
N^X^JbayWop^dventure and out^doo£]ivtogln,fiction, nonfiction
If —otbio^raphy^Read five books,
one ofwmcdts the outdoor
themej^nd-oetome eligible for
f prizedrawimgs for Sox or Cubs
baseball titickets or a Nature
Company gift certificate. Attend
the clubs party Friday, August 12.
Across the Librarian’s Desk
We all grew up in different cities, Baltimore,
Minneapolis, Cleveland, Chicago, Palo Alto,
Istanbul, Cologne, all different, from everywhere.
Stored in our heads are the roadsigns and road
maps we used to navigate those towns. Some
of the maps stored away in our heads have
Celebrate on the
Reading Railroad with
the Youth Services Dep^. Ride
through summer as we celebrate
across the country. Readers and
pre-schoolers will earn certificates
for time spent reading library
books in three groups based on
age or grade to be entered in the
Fall. Games, weekly puzzles, and
prizes accompany these reading
clubs. A Youth
Services sum- ,
a
mer flyer tells
more details.
faded, but a whole lot is still stored there, latent,
ready to go. In fact we use them every day even
though we may not know it.
As I approach old age I have come to real
ize that roadmaps are as inexorable as the DNA
genetic code. They tell us where we came from,
and who we are. What we respect, value, and how
we interact. What we like to eat. This accidental
geography of birth becomes as important as our
parents. The value schemes, the ethnocentricisms.
the lattice and matrix of our thinking process is
regional; who we are is where we are from.
Librarian in the Lobbq
Monday, June 6 from 7-9
p.m. Jack Hicks and a
member of the Library Board will
meet the public in the front lobby
to talk informally of library con
cerns. This will mark the end of
the second year of a successful,
innovative program which encour
ages residents to speak up.
Librarian in the Lobby will
resume in September.
andidates have been inter
viewed to fill Rosemary
Sazonoff’s one year unex
pired term on the Deerfield
Library Board of Trustees.
Sazonoff retired from the Board
after 21 years of service. For many
years she served as
Board Secretary. The Library
Sazonoff’s library
leadership, commit is closed
ment and compassion Sundays in
will be missed by staff the Summer
and board alike. Her
board contributions have always
been directed toward increasing
service, containing expenses and
supporting the staff. For her
extensive community service,
Mayor Bernard Forrest pro
claimed the 2nd day of May,
1994 as Rosemary Sazonoff Day
in Deerfield.
Sitting in a staff meeting,
I hear
Minneapolis, Chicago, Cleveland—two dialects
—Pepper Pike and Shaker Heights—Lubbock.
Riga, Istanbul, Los Angeles, and Cedar Rapids
all being spoken . We all bring a different tone of
voice and point of view—based on our old road
maps. We speak from the streets where our
Continued on page 2
Renovation
Update
It’s been a busy year. Our
Americans With Disabilites renova
tion is now complete. Self opening
front doors come this summer. The
library now has accessible restrooms,
elevator, fire escape ramps, telephone,
TDD, and lowered drinking fountains.
A planning process is under
way to include remodeling the
lower level gallery, reducing office
space and moving
ourfiction collection downstairs.
This plan will
mean a 22%
increase in avail
able floor space
and a REAL quiet
room.
l
UA
�Librarian's Desh
continued from page 1
grandparents lived, the street past the
night school, the street of our girl friend's
college dorm. Fixed points in an ever
changing life, and we remember what all
those people taught us.
Literature and science alike will tell
you that American regionalism is going
the way of the passenger pigeon. I not
only hope not. I know it is not. Oh.
maybe the obvious twang of an Okie, or
the drawl of a Texan, but even there a
good ear will hear Dallas, west Texas, or
Oklahoma. The old road signs steer us
home everytime. Value schemes may be
harder to see. and maybe they are fad
ing away. They will if we let them.
We all worry today about what we
see as a decline in our society. Read a
little history. Violence. It was ever so,
only not reported as routinely or spectac
ularly. There was always someone who
pulled a gun or a knife to settle a dis
agreement. There were probably those
who carried guns to school, the differ
ence today seems to be the mindless
willingness to use them. Maybe Old
Lodgskins said it best in Little Big Man,
"...white men are crazy, they don't know
where the center of the earth is." Road
maps, maybe we should start using them
more often.
Or maybe we should be turning
back tcrthe hometown sources of those
maps and find an unwillingness to accept
or tolerate violence. Whether the vio
lence is racism, crime, drugs, institution
al barbarism in our prisons, conglomer
ate America, dumping toxic waste in our
old swimming hole, or a kid packing a
gun. Racism, drugs and crime do not
have to be part and parcel of our daily
lives. Our social roadsigns should steer
us away from accepting murder mas
querading as entertainment in TV and
movies or lurid crime replacing news and
reporting in our papers. The real crime is
our acquiescence, acceptance, tolerance
and participation in this corruption of our
society. Look in the media mirror, it
reflects us.
The book I am recommending this
month is Zephyr by Henry Kisor. Riding
the Amtrak Zephry Kisor samples the
sights and people on his train trip west.
Always an interesting author. Henry
Kisor taps into the lives of his fellow pas
sengers. and the vital signs of railroading.
1
Jack Alan Hicks'Administrative Librarian
every Monday morning to index our liter
ary criticism collection. She has gone
through every book in our 800’s and
noted each chapter or major reference to
Just catching on to the library’s comput
an
author or his works. Formerly, useful
ers? In late summer, the library replaces the
information on a book or
ten year old computers
an author was lost. Now
with a new system—
we
have an expanded
e
are
proud
of
Dynix. It offers advanced
resource for (for example)
access to periodical indexes,
Jason Haight,
information on F. Scott
community resource File,
a library page who
Fitzgerald or criticism on
gateways to remote data
Inis won an appoint
War and Peace.
bases, access to Internet
ment
to
the
U.S.
and serves as Circulation
Co)c^00<2]Da
Military Academy at
and “Card” Catalog. Ease
an QDcjsEk
of use, flexibility, and wide
West Point. He'll
Record
access are promised. This
§5goG®
begin his appointment
system continues to be in
Help us say goodbye to
this summer
partnership with Skokie,
yesterday’s tunes and
Morton Grove, and Wauk
technology! The library
egan Libraries.
will sell thousands of records at $ 1.00 each
from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Saturday, June 4
and 1-5 p.m. Sunday, June 5. The records
Longtime Deerfield Resident Lorraine
include pop, bop, jazz, opera, folk some
Frederickson has completed a valu instructional, and more. (No sales prior to
able volunteer service. Lorraine has come 9 a.m. June 4.)
Neiu Librarq Computer
w
Hals Off lo a Great Volunteer!
• Deerfield Public Libraiy.... For All Your Book and Information Needs
is the name of a new library services brochure (you’ll recognize it
because it’s tall). Pick one up at the Front Desk, for what you need
to know about library rules, hours, services, mission and history.
• The Business Room annual reports do circulate. The Reference
Department will provide envelopes for you to check them out.
Thanks for annual report donations!
• If you live in incorporated Deerfield, and have a free Deerfield
Library card, you may borrow directly from any public library in
the North Suburban area. Many libraries also lend videos to those
with a free Deerfield Library card. If you have a fee card you are lim
ited to the services of the Deerfield Library.
• Armchair traveler?—the library has a large, new collection of travel
videos—You may borrow 2 for $ 1.
• Library books are shared by many. Please handle books with care and
'fess up if the book you borrowed has been ruined by coffee, food, etc.
• 230 people took advantage of the library’s winter twice weekly free
IRS service offered by the AARP-IRS volunteers led by Deerfield's
William Cormier. This figure was up from 217 users last year.
�YSeeouth
Services
flyer in Youth Services Dept, for more Summer Program details.
Puppets!
Two separate workshops June 13-17 and
July 18-22 will offer 5-8th graders the oppor
tunity to make puppets and produce a puppet
play. Space is limited and puppeteers must par
ticipate the entire week. Pre-schoolers will see
the play on Friday at the end of each workshop.
Camp”, a program to provide good books for a
camp for seriously ill children. Readers of all
ages will collect pledges from family and friends
for time spent reading in the library. From 9
a.m. to 9 p.m. readers may log time toward
pledge goals. Book donations for the camp will
contain special book plates.
Young People’s
Calendar
JUNE
4
6
9
10
13
Babysitting Classes
An intensive course for 11 year olds or
older will result in a Red Cross certificate in
babysitting skills. In four 2 l/2 hour evening
classes, students will learn techniques in diaper
ing, nutrition, story reading, discipline, emer
gency skills, etc. Participants must attend all
sessions to receive a certificate. Classes are at 6:30
p.m. Mondays, June 13 & 20, Wednesdays,
June 13 & 22. Sign up begins June 4.
Summer Read-a-Thon
On Wednesday, July 20 a Read-a-Thon
will be sponsored to raise funds for “Books in
14
15
16
Rnd speohing of donating ijour time
PALS is a program for young readers
(grades 2-3) and older reading partners (grades
3-8) to pair up to read together on Thursdays at
4:30 p.m.
S*T*A*R* Volunteers are energetic
junior high students who help out in Youth
Services. Donate the time you can to library work!
17
20
22
23
27
28
29
30
Sign up for Summer Reading
Club* and June classes
Pre-School Stories, 10 a.m.
Magic Show tickets available
Pre-School Stories, 7 p.m.
Morning movies, 10 a.m.
Puppet Workshop 1,4:30 p.m.*
Babysitting class, 6:30 p.m. *
Sign up for Author! Author!
Craft Potpourri, 10 a.m.- noon
(young)
Puppet Workshop I, 4:30 p.m. *
Puppet Worshop I, 4:30 p.m.’
Babysitting class, 6:30 p.m. *
PALS, 4:30 p.m.*
Magic Show, 7 p.m.*
Pre-School Puppet Play 1,10 a.m.
RC Readers, 4:30 p.m.*
Babysitting class, 6:30 p.m.*
Tickets for Mark Twain Country
Babysitting class, 6:30 p.m.
Author! Author! 7 p.m. *
PALS, 4:30 p.m.*
Pre-School Stories, 10 a.m.
Tickets for “It's a Jungle"
Craft Potpourri, 10 a.m.- 5 p.m.
Mark Twain Country, 7 p.m. ’
PALS, 4:30 p.m.*
Pre-School Stories, 7 p.m.
JULY
Magic! Thursday June 16,7p.m.
Dennis DeBondt delights adults
and children with comedy and
magic. Tickets available June 6.
Under age 6 must sit with adult.
R. C. Readers
For grades 5-8. four books
selected from Rebecca Caudill
award nominees will be read
and discussed on Mondays
Author! Author!
Thursday, June 23, 7p.m.
Charlotte Herman, who created
the “Max Malone” and “Millie
Cooper” series will be our visit
ing author. School aged chil
dren and adults will learn about
a writers life and work. Sign up
begins June 13.
Folksongs & Foolery
Wednesday, June 29, 7p.m.
Singer/storyteller Dan LeMonnier
takes us to “Mark Twain Country”
with banjo songs and stories of
the Mississippi. Tickets June 20.
June 20, July 11 and July 25
at 4:30 p.m. Ongoing registra
tion from June 4.
Raise a Reader!
Our program to welcome new
Deerfield babies has attracted
32 families of babies under
one year. Deerfield babies
receive a coupon to be
redeemed at the library for a
special gift. Please call the
library to register babies. We
want to reach as many as
possible.
It’s a Jungle!
Wednesday, July 13, 2p.m.
for younger children and
4:30 p.m. for older chil
dren. Join an imaginary
safari adventure with
guide Christine Buik.
Tickets June 27. Children
under 6 must sit with
adult.
Cowboy Campfire
Wednesday, July 27,
6p.m.
We wind up our summer
tour in Texas with stories
around the old chuckwagon. Chow down with hot
dogs & drinks while lis
tening to tall tales and
cowboy yarns. Space limit
ed. Sign up starts July 18.
5
7
8
11
13
14
18
19
20
21
22
25
27
28
4
5
13
17
Craft Potpourri, 10-noon, (young)
PALS, 4:30 p.m.*
Morning Movies, 10 a.m.
Pre-School Stories, 10 a.m.
RC Readers, 4:30 p.m.*
Sign up for Puppet Workshop II
It's a Jungle, 2 or 4:30 p.m. *
PALS, 4:30 p.m.*
Pre-School Stories, 7 p.m.
Puppet Workshop II, 4:30 p.m.*
Sign up for Cowboy Campfire
Craft Potpourri, 10 a.m.- 5 p.m.
Puppet Workshop II, 4:30 p.m.*
Read -A-Thon, all day
Puppet Workshop II, 4:30 p.m.*
PALS, 4:30 p.m.*
Pre-School Puppets II, 10 a.m.
Pre-School Stories, 10 a.m.
RC Readers, 4:30 p.m. *
Cowboy Campfire, 6 p.m.*
PALS, 4:30 p.m.*
Pre-School Stories, 7 p.m.
PALS, 4:30 p.m.*
Morning Movies, 10 a.m.
Last day of Summer Reading
Summer Celebration
All Summer Programs with *
require tickets or registration
�z&®cy][iir ganpjamiios
Book
Discussions in
The Library
Thursdays, 10:30 a.m.
Programs arefree but reservations are requested.
Treasured Toppers
Tuesday, June 21, 7:30 p.m.
Susan Kohl Jankowski salutes our Hats Off
to Summer Reading Club with a history of
hats from the 1900 s to now. With a musical
background she explores the fads and fancies
of decades of fashion and how they reflect
the history of the times.
<$•'
)
Collisions From Outer Space:
Comets, Astroids and
Meteors
Tuesday, July 26, 7:30p.m.
With a meteor shower expected July 28,
Greg Lopatka of Adler Planetarium brings a
fun, fact filled program about our night
skies. We’ll study the stars inside on screen
and then venture outside. Bring a telescope
and the family!
Deerfield Public Library
920 Waukegan Road
Deerfield, Illinois 60015
Deerfield Pubuc Library
Phone: 708/945-3311
Jack Hicks, Executive Librarian
Library Board
Sue Benn, President
David WolfF, Secretary
TonySabato, Treasurer
Jack Anderson
Diane Kraus
Yvonne Sharpe
Library Hours
Mon.-Thurs:
9:00am -9:00pm
Fri.-Sat:
9:00am -5:00pm
Sundays:
Closed
EDITOR: Sally Seifert
JUNE 9 Balkan Ghosts by Robert
Kaplan, 1993. A fascinating intro
duction to the historical enmities
and tribal passions that underlie
current political events in one of
the most volatile areas of the
world.
JULY 14 Fourth Annual
Celebration! Bring a book to share
that best speaks to your own per
sonal sense of adventure or fantasy
wilderness retreat. A New Kind of
Country by Dorothy Gilman,
1978. The author fulfills her
dream and finds that she can live
alone on a remote and physically
demanding coast of Nova Scotia.
AUGUST 11 Roughing It by
Mark Twain. A funny and fresh
account ofTwains adventures on
the frontier; a pleasure trip to the
silver-mines of Nevada, intended
to last only three months, instead
becomes “seven years of vicissi
tudes.”
4
5
6
9
11
15
21
June
Record Sale, 9 a.m.- 5 p.m.
Record Sale 1p.m.- 5p.m.
Librarian in the Lobby, 7-9 p.m.
Book Discussion, Balkan Ghosts, 10:30 a.m.
Adult Summer Reading Club Begins
Library Board Meets, 8 p.m.
Treasured Toppers, 7:30 p.m.
July
Library Closed for Business
Family Days: Lemonade in the Library, 10-3
14 Book Discussion Party. A New Kind of
Country, 10:30 a.m.
20 Library Board Meets, 8 p.m.
26 Comets, Astroids, Meteors, 7:30 p.m.
4
August
11 Book Discussion, Roughing It, 10:30 a.m.
12 Adult Summer Reading Club Party
17 Library Board Meets, 8 p.m.
Blood Pressure Screening: June 9, July 14,
August 11,6:15 p.m. - 8:15 p.m.
No Voter Registration during summer.
Literary Soiree was a Grand
Success
Forty Deerfield published authors were
feted at the National Library Week Elegant
Literary Soiree last spring. 200+ attended. The.
event, which was re-enacted on Post
Newsweek Cable Channel 7, featured the
Deerfield High School String Quartet,
Childrens bookmarks, Deerfield’s Joel
Weisman of television fame, and lots of
books, food and conversation.
Non Profit Org.
U.S. Postage
PAID
Deerfield, IL
Permit No. 196
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Deerfield Public Library Browsing Newsletters
Description
An account of the resource
The historical archive of the Browsing newsletter, which is the quarterly newsletter put out by the Deerfield Public Library and lists all of the programming as well as news for the library.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Deerfield Public Library
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Deerfield Public Library
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Deerfield Public Library
Language
A language of the resource
English
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
DPL.0010
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1986-present
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Browsing | Deerfield Public Library | Summer 1994
Description
An account of the resource
Vol. 9, No. 3
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Seifert, Sally Brickman
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Deerfield Public Library
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Deerfield Public Library
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
06/1994
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Searchable PDF
Language
A language of the resource
English
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
DPL.0010.033
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
June - August 1994
A New Kind of Country
Adler Planetarium
American Association of Retired Persons (AARP)
American Red Cross
American Red Cross Babysitting Certificate
American Regionalism
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
Amtrak
Balkan Ghosts
Baltimore Maryland
Bernard Forrest
Blood Pressure Screenings
Books in Camp
Cedar Rapids Iowa
Charlotte Herman
Chicago Illinois
Chicago White Sox Baseball Team
Christine Buik
Cleveland Ohio
Cologne Germany
Dallas Texas
Dan LeMonnier
Deerfield High School
Deerfield High School String Quartet
Deerfield Illinois
Deerfield Public Library
Deerfield Public Library Adult Services Department
Deerfield Public Library All Staff Meetings
Deerfield Public Library Board of Trustees
Deerfield Public Library Board of Trustees Trustee in the Lobby
Deerfield Public Library Book Discussions
Deerfield Public Library Brochures
Deerfield Public Library Browsing Newsletter
Deerfield Public Library Business Room
Deerfield Public Library Local Author Fair
Deerfield Public Library Online Public Catalog
Deerfield Public Library PALS Program
Deerfield Public Library Programming
Deerfield Public Library Read-a-Thon
Deerfield Public Library Record Sale
Deerfield Public Library Renovations
Deerfield Public Library S*T*A*R Volunteers
Deerfield Public Library Summer Reading Programs
Deerfield Public Library Youth Services Department
Dennis DeBondt
Dorothy GIlman
Dynix Corporation
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Greg Lopatka
Henry Kisor
Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
Istanbul Turkey
Jack A. Hicks
Joel Weisman
Little Big Men
Lorraine Fredrickson
Los Angeles California
Lubbock Texas
Mark Twain
Max Malone
Millie Cooper
Minneapolis Minnesota
Mississippi
Morton Grove Public Library
National Library Week
Nature Company
Nevada
North Suburban Library System
Nova Scotia Canada
Oklahoma
Old Lodgskins
Palo Alto California
Passenger Pigeon
Pepper Pike
Post Newsweek Cable Channel 7
Rebecca Caudill Award
Riga Latvia
Roadmaps
Robert Kaplan
Rosemary Sazonoff
Rosemary Sazonoff Day
Roughing It
Searchable PDF
Shaker Heights
Skokie Public Library
Susan Kohl Jankowski
TDD Telephone System
Texas
Voter Registration
War and Peace
Waukegan Public Library
William Cormier
Zephyr
-
https://archives.deerfieldlibrary.org/files/original/0604b7b05a1863a18f5eec2d3f017520.pdf
d74ad6fc0c9cbdea4e4419577b1167ac
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9. Fredericton
10. Charlottetown
11. Quebec
12. Montreal
13. Ottawa
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15. Toronto
16. Hamilton
17. St. Catharines
18. Orillia
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24. Sault Ste. Marie
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26. Winnipeg
27. Portage La Proirie
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29. Killarney
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36. Kinistino
37. North Battleford
38. Eldon
39. Maidstone
40. Wilkie
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43. Kitscoty
44. Edmonton
45. Fort Saskatchewan
46. Athabaska
47. Donatville
48. Amber Valley
49. Clyde
50. Wildwood
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52. Drayton Valley
53. Breton
54. Drumheller
55. Calgary
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57. Tilley
58. Cordston
59. Peoce River
60. Tete Jaune Cache
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62. Kamloops
63. Yale
64. Hope
65. Penticton
66. New Westminster
67. Burnaby
68. Vancouver
69. Victoria
70. Prince Rupert
7 I. Esquimalt
72. Nanaimo
73. Vesuvius
74. Sidney
75. Saanich
76. Duncan
77. Ganges Harbour
78. Sooke
79. Shawnigon Lake
80. Dawson Creek
81. Whitehorse
82. Dawson
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9. Ballston
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11. Syracuse
12. Skaneateles
13. Rochester
14. Buffalo
15. Niagara Falls
16. Auburn
17. Utica18. New York City
19. Cleveland
20. Sandusky
2 I. Toledo
22. Oberlin
23. Columbus
24. Cincinnati
2 5. Philadelphia
26. Pittsburgh
27. Harrisburg
28, Indianapolis
29. Fountain City
30. Fort Woyne
3 I. Chicago
32. Springfield
33. Galesburg
34. Detroit
35. Pontiac
36. Flint
37. Lansing
38. Kalamazoo
39. Milwaukee
40. Waukesha
4 I. Duluth
42. St. Paul
43. Pembina
44. Havre
45. Browning
46. Bellingham
47. Seattle
48. San Francisco
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I-----MASSACHUSETTS
i^RHODE ISLAND
CONNECTICUT
NEW JERSEY
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Ontario and Quebec
Towns — Ontario
1.
2.
3.
A.
5.
6.
7.
Ottowa
Cornwall
Morrisburg
Johnstown
Prescott
Edwordsburgh
Brockville
Towns — Quebec
12.
I 3.
I 4.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Cataraqui
Both
Picton
Thurlow
Adolphustown
Peterborough
Cobourg
1.
2.
3.
A.
Quebec
Trois Rivieres
Sherbrooke
Granby
8.
9.
IO.
11.
Stanstead
Lacolle
St. Armand
Fort Lennox
Towns —New York
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Port Ontario
Utico
Ogdensburg
Rome
Peterboro
Syracuse
Auburn
Oswego
Lewiston
Rochester
Buffalo
Cope Vincent
( N.H. \
5
Towns — Michigan
1. Detroit
2. Pontiac
3. Port Huron
2 3.. Toronto
24. Burnhamthorpe
25. Etobicoke
26. Port Credit
27. Oakville
28. Burlington
29. Homillon
30. Stoney Creek
3 I. Mount Hope
32. Flamboro
33. Niagaro-on-the-Lake
34. St. Catharines
35. Jordan
36. Thorold
St.Clair
37.
38.
39.
40.
4 I.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
5 I.
52.
Niagara Foils
Port Colborne
Welland
Chippawa
Fori Erie
Queenston
Brantford
Paris
Ancaster
Dundas
Golt
Preston
Woterloo
Conestogo
Guelph
Kitchener
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
Woolwich
Elora
Stratford
Woodstock
Norwich
Simcoe
59. Chorlotlevllle
60.
6I.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
Port Dover
Port Rowan
Port Burwell
Port Bruce
Port Stonley
Port Talbot
St.Thomas
London
Ingersoll
Lucon
Wilberforce
Goderich
Port Elgin
Owen Sound
Mount Forest
Meaford
Coltingwood
Barrie
78. Oro
79.
80.
8 I.
82,
Orillia
Penetanguishene
Sarnia
Petrolio
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
Oil Springs
Dawn Mills
Port Lampton
Dover Center
Walloceburg
Dawn
Dresden
Shrewsbury
Horwich
Howard
Buxton (Elgin)
Raleigh
95. Chatham
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107,
108.
109.
110.
III.
Camden
Blenheim
Rondeau
Belle River
Little River
Puce River
Windsor
Essex
New Canaan
Harrow
Fort Malden
Amherstburg
Colchester
Sandwich
Gosfietd
Otterville
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Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Lyman Wilmot House
Description
An account of the resource
This collection consists of records related to the Deerfield Public Library's research into whether or not the Wilmot house could be proved to have been a stop on the Underground Railroad.
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Deerfield Public Library
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Deerfield Public Library
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Deerfield Public Library
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2002
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English
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DPL.0013
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Title
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Canada, With Particular Reference to the West (Map)
Description
An account of the resource
Photocopy of maps of Canada with Highlighting
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Reproduction Drawings Limited
Language
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English
Identifier
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DPL.0013.029
Adolphusiown Ontario Canada
Alaska
Albany New York
Alberta Canada
Amber Valley Canada
Amherstburg Ontario Canada
Ancaster Ontario Canada
Athabaska Canada
Auburn New York
Ausable River
Ballston New York
Barkerville Canada
Barrie Ontario Canada
Bath Ontario Canada
Bay of Fundy
Bay of Quinte
Belle River Ontario Canada
Bellingham Montana
Blenheim Ontario Canada
Boston Massachusetts
Brandford Ontario Canada
Brandon Canada
Breton Canada
British Columbia Canada
Brockville Ontario Canada
Brome Quebec Canada
Brooks Canada
Browning Montana
Buffalo New York
Burlington Ontario Canada
Burnaby Canada
Burnhamthorpe Ontario Canada
Buxton Ontario Canada
Calgary Canada
California
Camden Ontario Canada
Canada
Cape Breton Island Canada
Cape Vincent New York
Cardston Canada
Cataraqui Ontario Canada
Charlottetown Canada
Charlotteville Ontario Canada
Chatham Canada
Chatham Ontario Canada
Chicago Illinois
Chip Lake Canada
Chippawa Ontario Canada
Cincinnati Ohio
Clarke Ontario Canada
Cleveland Ohio
Clyde Canada
Cobourg Ontario Canada
Colchester Ontario Canada
Collingwood Ontario Canada
Columbus Ohio
Concord Massachusetts
Conestogo Ontario Canada
Connecticut
Cornwall Ontario Canada
Dawn Mills Ontario Canada
Dawn Ontario Canada
Dawson Canada
Dawson Creek Canada
Delta Ontario Canada
Detroit Michigan
Detroit River
Digby Canada
Donatville Canada
Dover Center Ontario Canada
Drayton Valley Canada
Dresden Ontario Canada
Drumheller Canada
Duluth Minnesota
Duncan Canada
Dundas Ontario Canada
Edmonton Canada
Edwardsburgh Ontario Canada
Elara Ontario Canada
Eldon Canada
Elgin Ontario Canada
Emerson Canada
Esquimalt Canada
Essex Ontario Canada
Etobicoke Ontario Canada
Farnham Quebec Canada
Flamboro Ontario Canada
Flint Michigan
Fort Erie Ontario Canada
Fort Lennox Quebec Canada
Fort Malden Ontario Canada
Fort Saskatchewan Canada
Fort Wayne Indiana
Fountain City Indiana
Fredericton Canada
Ft. William Canada
Galesburg Illinois
Ganges Harbour Canada
Ganonoque Ontario Canada
Gasfield Ontario Canada
Georgian Bay
Goderich Ontario Canada
Golt Ontario Canada
Granby Quebec Canada
Grand Island
Grand River
Guelph Ontario Canada
Guysborough Canada
Halifax Canada
Hamilton Canada
Hamilton Ontario Canada
Harrisburg Pennsylvania
Harrow Ontario Canada
Hartford Connecticut
Harwich Ontario Canada
Havre Montana
Hope Canada
Howard Ontario Canada
Hudson River
Hull Quebec Canada
Huntingdon Quebec Canada
Idaho
Ile d'Orelans
Illinois
Indiana
Indianapolis Indiana
Ingersoll Ontario Canada
Iowa
Johnstown Ontario Canada
Jordan Ontario Canada
Kalamazoo Michigan
Kamloops Canada
Killarney Canada
Kingston Canada
Kingston Ontario Canada
Kinistino Canada
Kitchener Ontario Canada
Kitscoty Canada
Knowiton Quebec Canada
Labrador Canada
Lacolle Quebec Canada
Lake Erie
Lake Huron
Lake Michigan
Lake Ontario
Lake Simcoe
Lake St. Clair
Lake Superior
Lake Winnepeg
Lansing Michigan
Leduc Canada
Lewiston New York
Little River Ontario Canada
Lloydminster Canada
London Canada
London Ontario Canada
Long Point
Lucan Ontario Canada
Maidstone Canada
Maine
Manitoba Canada
Manitoulin Island
Maryland
Massachusetts
Mattawa Canada
Meaford Ontario Canada
Melfort Canada
Michigan
Milwaukee Wisconsin
Minnesota
Missisquoi Bay
Mississippi River
Montana
Montpelier Vermont
Montreal Canada
Montreal Quebec Canada
Moose Jaw Canada
Morrisburg Ontario Canada
Mount Forest Ontario Canada
Mount Hope Ontario Canada
Nanaimo Canada
Napanee Ontario Canada
New Brunswick Canada
New Canaan Ontario Canada
New Hampshire
New Haven Connecticut
New Jersey
New Westminster Canada
New York
New York City New York
Newfoundland Canada
Niagara Falls New York
Niagara Falls Ontario Canada
Niagara on the Lake Ontario Canada
Niagara River
North Battleford Canada
North Boy Canada
North Dakota
North Saskatchewan River
Northwest Territories Canada
Norwich Ontario Canada
Nova Scotia Canada
Oakville Ontario Canada
Oberlin Ohio
Ogdensburg
Ohio
Ohio River
Oil Springs Ontario Canada
Ontario Canada
Ora Ontario Canada
Oregon
Orillia Canada
Orillia Ontario Canada
Oshawa Ontario Canada
Oswego New York
Ottawa Canada
Ottawa Ontario Canada
Ottawa River
Otterville Ontario Canada
Owen Sound Ontario Canada
Paris Ontario Canada
Peace River Canada
Pembina North Dakota
Pennsylvania
Pentanguishene Ontario Canada
Penticton Canada
Peterboro New York
Petersborough Ontario Canada
Petrolia Ontario Canada
Philadelphia Pennsylvania
Picton Ontario Canada
Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
Point Pelee
Pontiac Michigan
Port Bruce Ontario Canada
Port Burwell Ontario Canada
Port Colborne Ontario Canada
Port Credit Ontario Canada
Port Dover Ontario Canada
Port Elgin Ontario Canada
Port Granby Ontario Canada
Port Hope Ontario Canada
Port Huron Michigan
Port Lampton Ontario Canada
Port Ontario New York
Port Rowan Ontario Canada
Port Stanley Ontario Canada
Port Talbot Ontario Canada
Portage La Prairie Canada
Portland Oregon
Prescott Ontario Canada
Preston Ontario Canada
Prince Albert Canada
Prince Edward Island Canada
Prince Rupert Canada
Providence Rhode Island
Puce River Ontario Canada
Quebec Canada
Quebec City Quebec Canada
Queenston Ontario Canada
Raleigh Ontario Canada
Regina Canada
Reproduction Drawings Limited
Rhode Island
Richelieu River
Rochester New York
Rome
Rondeau Ontario Canada
Saanich Canada
Saint John Canada
Saltspring Island Canada
San Francisco California
Sandusky Ohio
Sandwich Ontario Canada
Sarnia Ontario Canada
Saskatchewan Canada
Saskatchewan River
Saskatoon Canada
Sault Ste. Marie Canada
Schenectady New York
Seattle Washington
Shawnigon Lake Canada
Shelburne Canada
Sherbrooker Quebec Canada
Shrewsbury Ontario Canada
Sidney Canada
Simcoe Ontario Canada
Skaneateles New York
Sooke Canada
South Dakota
South Saskatchewan River
Springfield Illinois
St. Armand Quebec Canada
St. Catharines Canada
St. Catharines Ontario Canada
St. John's Canada
St. Lawrence River
St. Paul Minnesota
St. Thomas Ontario Canada
Stanstead Quebec Canada
Stoney Creek Ontario Canada
Stratford Ontario Canada
Surrey Canada
Sutton Canada
Sydenhorn River
Sydney Canada
Syracuse New York
Tete Jaune Cache Canada
Thames River
Thorold Ontario Canada
Thurlow Ontario Canada
Tilley Canada
Toledo Ohio
Toronto Canada
Toronto Ontario Canada
Trois Riveres Quebec Canada
Truro Canada
Utica New York
Vancouver Canada
Vancouver Island Canada
Vermont
Vesuvius Canada
Victoria Canada
Wabumun Lake
Wallaceburg Ontario Canada
Washington
Waterloo Ontario Canada
Waukesha Wisconsin
Wawota Canada
Welland Canal
Welland Ontario Canada
Westmount Quebec Canada
Whitehorse Canada
Wilberforce Ontario Canada
Wildwood Canada
Wilkie Canada
Windsor Canada
Windsor Ontario Canada
Winnipeg Canada
Wisconsin
Wolfe Island
Woodstock Ontario Canada
Woolwich Ontario Canada
Wyoming
Yale Canada
Yale University
Yale University Provost's Fund
Yukon Territory Canada
-
https://archives.deerfieldlibrary.org/files/original/3653880b49314914c00713dce13798d6.pdf
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8. A Continental Abolitionism?
The Underground Railroad plays a dual role in the story of the continental
movement to abolish slavery. It was unquestionably the highly effective
means by which a number—an exaggerated and indefinite number of
fugitive slaves reached British North America. It was the cause of a legend
that would make it possible for Canadians to reinforce their self-congrat
ulatory attitudes toward their position on the Negro, and to strengthen
those self-congratulatory assumptions into the twentieth century. The latter role was more demonstrable than the former.
To say that the Underground Railroad was enlarged by legend is not
to say that it did not exist. Clearly, there was a loose network of abolition
ists, perhaps predominantly Quaker, who communicated with one another
in order to make known various places of refuge where fugitive slaves
might go during their journey from the slave states to the free border cities
of the north and to the British provinces. Thousands of fugitive slaves were
helped in this manner, being passed on from hand to hand, fed, clothed,
and hidden, and on occasion given transport or money for the purchase of
tickets. In some areas—especially southern Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio—
the so-called Underground Railroad agents worked clandestinely, living
amidst proslavery or anti-Negro neighbors. But in many other areas
further to the north the Railroad was seldom underground, being well
known to local newspapers and law officers alike—as in Syracuse, Detroit,
and Toledo. That the Railroad did help many fugitive slaves reach Canada
West in particular, yet that its importance was much exaggerated, is now
well demonstrated.1 Both aspects of this legend are central to an under
standing of the position of the Negro in the Canadas during the decade
before, and the several decades after, the Civil War.
Canadian legend today claims that at least sixty thousand fugitive
slaves were resident in Canada West in 1860. Contemporary estimates
ranged from fifteen to seventy-five thousand, with many whites accepting
figures closer to the latter. If this were so, the black population of Canada
West in the 1850s was around 4 percent of the total, since the 1861 census
1. See, in particular, Larry Gara: “Propaganda Uses of the Underground Railway,”
Mid-America, n.s., 23 (1952), 155-71; and idem, “The Underground Railway: Legend
or Reality?”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 105 (1961), 33439.
�234
A Continental Abolitionism?
The Blacks in Canada
for the province showed 1,396,000. That the Negro population did increase
precipitously in the southwestern part of the province also is clear, a condition that helps to explain the rapidly rising anti-Negro sentiment in that
portion of Canada West as well as the tendency to overestimate Negro
numbers. If so many fugitive slaves did find refuge in the single province,
two other conclusions follow: the great majority returned to the United
States at the end of the Civil War, since the Negro population in 1871
was undeniably but a fraction of sixty thousand; and the Canadians could
rightly take credit for harboring—and for at least a decade and a half
giving aid to—a quite substantial body of refugees from the political and
social conflicts of the Republic.
Yet, both the estimates of the Negro population, and the conclusions
relating to fugitive slaves that flow from these estimates, must be tempered
by a number of observations:
1. While contemporary accounts often suggested that sixty thousand or
more fugitive slaves were present in Canada West, in fact at least, both
Canada West and Canada East were meant—as one may see when the
estimates are read in context; and on occasion all of British North America
was indicated. Thus, the sixty thousand should be read against a total
population of over three million. In fact, the black segment of the population probably gained only a percentage point in the 1850s, since there
was massive white immigration during the decade.
2. While the estimates implied that they referred to fugitive slaves only,
again when read in context nearly all show that they applied to the total
black population. The figures often were given out in ignorance of the
presence of many free Negroes from the northern states and of free
Canadian Negroes who traced themselves back to the American Revolution. One may ask, What is said of the British North American attitude
toward Negroes when all were assumed to be fugitives? 2
3. In any event, the estimates utterly ignore the official censuses of the
governments of the Canadas. The census for Canada West in 1851 showed
a total of 4,669 Negroes, while official estimates suggested 8,000; the
census for 1861 showed 11,223; and other official figures raised the total
to 13,566. The 1861 census, in particular, was thought at the time and has
proven since to be quite inaccurate.3
2. Siebert, Underground Railroad, p. 219; Booker T. Washington, The Story of
the Negro: The Rise of the Race from Slavery (New York, 1909), 2, 240. Contemporary authority for the estimate of a total of sixty thousand Negroes in the Canadas
appears in “W. M. G.” “A Sabbath among the Runaway Negroes at Niagara,” Excelsior, 5 (1856), 41. Typical exaggerations include the estimate of Thomas Nye, men
tioned in chapter 6, note 28, above.
3. See M. C. Urquhart and K. A. H. Buckley, cds., Historical Statistics of Canada
(Cambridge, 1965), pp. 1-4, for an analysis of the inaccuracy of the early census
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235
4. Further, no accurate figures can be given either for the number of
fugitive slaves in the whole of the British North American provinces, or
for the total number of Negroes. Many attempted to pass for white when in
the Canadas, many were not enumerated, and census takers might reasonably have confused fugitive American with free American blacks, since the
former often claimed the status of the latter, especially because of their
misplaced fear of extradition.
5. Samuel Ringgold Ward, a fugitive slave himself, wrote in his autobiography in 1855 that reaching Canada was a most difficult task, and that
"but few comparatively can come.” This would seem a logical conclusion,
for the Canadas were far away and little known to the fugitives, and many
were told that the colonies were uninhabitable for black men. One must assume that the majority of the total number of fugitive slaves did not reach
the Canadian provinces and remained in the free northern states.4
6. This being so, how many might have reached the Canadas? Official
reports suggested that the slave states lost perhaps a thousand runaway
slaves a year. Assuming this to be so for the period 1830 to 1860, even
had every single fugitive reached Canada safely, the total would have been
only 30,000.° As it was, many died en route, disappeared and could not be
accounted for, returned to the South to escape another time and be counted
again (for one man escaping twice is two escapes, although he is still but
one man when on Canadian soil), or remained in the North.
7. Thus, contemporary accounts tended to refer to fugitives as “passing
through” Syracuse, Albany, or Cleveland “on the way to Canada.’ All
of these were assumed to have reached the Canadas. But many—perhaps
the majority—stopped short of the Canadian border; and many were
counted more than once, “passing through” Albany and, at a later date,
“passing through” Syracuse, Rochester, or Buffalo. No doubt, there were
many, like William Wells Brown, who set out for Canada West and, finding
ice on Lake Erie had curtailed steamer traffic, simply stayed in Ohio.6
returns. The census of 1851 is believed to have underenumerated the province’s
total population by a hundred thousand. Both it and that of 1861 undercounted
children.
4. Ward, Autobiography, p. 158; Gara, The Liberty Line: The Legend of the
Underground Railroad (Lexington, Ky.f 1961), pp. 37-40, 67, 111, 145, 149, 161,
185-90. Gara has drawn upon the Siebert Papers in the Ohio State Historical Society
and Harvard's Houghton Library; I have examined both collections and accept his
conclusions.
5. However, in 1855 a Southern judge guessed that the slave states had lost
“upwards of 60,000 slaves” (Kenneth M. Stampp, The Peculiar Institution: Slavery In
the Ante-Bellum South [New York, 1964], p. 118).
6. See William Edward Farrison, “A Flight Across Ohio: The Escape of William
Wells Brown from Slavery,” The Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly,
61 (1952), 272-82, and Brown’s Narrative . . . (Boston, 1847). A typical entry
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77ie Blacks in Canada
A Continental Abolitionism?
237
8. Related to this terminological guesswork was the tendency for
abolitionists, in letters, newspaper accounts, and their autobiographies, to
rejoice at having put a fugitive “on the stage for Canada.” This phrase
could be invoked in Cincinnati—where it meant nothing, since no stage
ran from southern Ohio to Canada—as well as in Buffalo, where it had
genuine meaning. To count a fugitive who boarded a stage in Cincinnati,
or even Oberlin, as being safely in Canada is similar to assuming that a
Hungarian refugee who was seen leaving Budapest in 1957 arrived safely
in Vienna.
9. The abolitionist press quoted each other at length, usually but not
always with credit, and with repetitious figures—all of which served to
create the impression that refugees were reaching Canada West in waves.
The Voice of the Fugitive would report that forty Negroes had arrived in
Amherstburg; six weeks later the same item would be reprinted in another
abolitionist journal in New York or Ohio. The forty fugitives one read of
in June were the same forty that one had read of in April.7
10. The free Negro population in the northern states, and the total
Negro population in British North America —fugitive and free—showed
an excess of females. Most fugitives were males. One might conclude that
the majority in either population therefore consisted of nonfugitives.
11. Many southerners, who had some reason to wish to exaggerate thenlosses, did not think the Canadas harbored large numbers of fugitive slaves.
The New Orleans Commercial Bulletin suggested in 1859 that fifteen
hundred slaves had escaped each year for fifty years. This figure applied
to the entire South and was said to represent an outer limit of the possible;
even so, this would have accounted for but seventy-five thousand fugitives,
the upper figure sometimes given for Canada West alone. When the
Baltimore Sun said, in 1856, that all living fugitives were worth thirty
million dollars, it also suggested that the average value was nearly $9,000,
a patent untruth.8
12. The abolitionists, who might also have wished to exaggerate thensuccesses, were less sanguine. In 1861 the American Anti-Slavery Society
estimated that the total number of slaves who had escaped was well below
seventy-five thousand. Most were thought to be in the North.9
13. The fugitives who did reach the British provinces were by no means
entirely happy. A number returned to the northern states, through which
they had passed while seeking out the North Star, further reducing the
total in the Canadas. At the beginning of the Civil War, more returned.
14. After the Fugitive Slave Bill was passed, abolitionists on the border,
such as Henry Bibb, Isaac Rice, and Hiram Wilson, reported that fugitives
were arriving at the rate of thirty a day. This seems a substantial figure,
and indeed it was when so many descended upon the strained resources of
Rice or Wilson. Yet were this so, the post-1850 fugitive black population
of Canada West alone (setting aside those who returned to the North or
died in the province) would have been 110,000 in 1860, a clear absurdity.
At the height of the fugitive influx, the total Negro population of Amherst
burg—the single most important entry point for refugees—was at most
eight hundred; and during the eighteen months of initial panic after pas
sage of the bill, even the Toronto Globe set the figure at no higher than
three thousand.10
15. On occasion free Negroes from the northern states moved into the
Canadas and pretended to be fugitives in order to attract the sympathy of
Canadian abolitionists or to benefit from the fugitive slave hostels. In
1854, for example, a free black barber from New Hampshire twice raised
money to reach Canada by claiming that his master was pursuing him.
Many of the begging preachers appear to have been free men.11
16. One of the most publicized of the Underground Railroad depots
was that run by the fugitive J. W. Loguen in Syracuse. His activities were
not secret, and once in a free state a fugitive could learn of Loguen and
his work. Yet in nearly nine years in Syracuse, Loguen—whose account
is exaggerated on other matters—saw but fifteen hundred fugitive slaves,
not all of whom moved on to the Canadas.12
17. Studies of Negro songs and folk tales in Canada show relatively
few references to fugitives. More important, recent investigations of
southern slave songs show that Canaan, the Promised Land, and the New
Jerusalem were equated most often with Africa and seldom with Canada.
In the South, those slaves who contemplated other lands did not appear
to have had the British provinces uppermost in their minds.13
would tell how "a female, Patsey Williams, of Kentucky, on her way to Canada,
passed through Rochester Thursday" {Stratford [C. W.] Beacon, May 31, 1861).
7. And the "six covered wagons filled with Negroes" hailed by the Owen Sound
Comet on May 18, 1852, were the same covered wagons earlier praised by the
Detroit press.
8. Gara, Liberty Line, p. 153, quoting Baltimore Sun of March 13. The St.
Catharines Journal esU'mated in 1857 that “1,500 to 2,000 slaves" were brought to
Canada annually, predicted an end to slavery in the South, and that there would be
no blacks in Canada by 1900. See The St Catharines and Lincoln Historical Society,
St. Catharines A to Z by Junius 1856 ([St Catharines, 1967]), p. [70].
9. Ibid., pp. 38-40.
10. Anti-Slavery Reporter, n.s., 4 (1856), 135; Toronto Globe, June 10, 1852;
Montreal Gazette, Oct 4, 1860. See W. H. Withrow, “The Underground Railway,"
RSC, Proceedings and Transactions, sec. 2, 8 (1902), 73; Fred Landon, "Canada’s
Part in Freeing the Slave,” OHS, Papers and Records, 17 (1919), 74-84; and Landon,
"The Negro Migration to Canada after the Passing of the Fugitive Slave Act," JNH,
5 (1920), 22-36.
11. Siebert, Underground Railroad, p. 249.
12. Loguen, The Rev. J>W. Loguen, as a Slave and as a Freeman: A Narrative
of Real Life (Syracuse, N.Y., 1859), p. 444.
13. Helen Creighton, “Folklore of Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia," National
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The Blacks in Canada
18. This is not surprising, for the slaves were kept in ignorance of
British North America, and most of them were probably not, at the
moment of their escape, thinking of taking refuge under the lion’s paw.
Slaveholders emphasized the harshness of the northern climate, denied
their slaves maps or the education that would enable them to read them,
and suggested that all Canadians spoke French, worshipped idols, and
executed black men upon arrival. Lewis Clarke, in memoirs published in
1845, said that he had been told that Canadians would skin his head,
eat his children, poke out their eyes, and wear their hair as coat collars.
Even so astute a Negro as Frederick Douglass thought that Canada was
where “the wild goose and the swan repaired at the end of winter” and
not “the home of man.” 14
19. These estimates, confusions, and exaggerations were added to by
the publications of contemporary observers. In 1860, Reverend William M.
Mitchell published in London an influential book on The Under-Ground
Railroad. A free Negro who had been a slave driver, Mitchell lived in
Toronto after 1855 as an agent for the American Baptist Free Mission
Society. He claimed that the railroad had been operating for a quarter
of a century and that “nearly two thousand” fugitives reached “Canada”
each year. This would have meant a total fugitive population of fifty
thousand; and allowing for deaths his estimate was forty-five thousand.
This figure, then, is well below many of the estimates, and yet it is given
by a man who had every reason to enlarge it, since he used his book as
a medium by which he solicited funds for his church and school in Canada
West; many of the communitarian settlers condemned him as “a pious
fraud.” 10 Later it was suggested that in 1860 alone five hundred Negroes
“from Canada” went into the slave states to rescue others, a figure that
surely confuses border crossings into the North for business, social, and
religious purposes with antislavery journeys. Even so industrious and
courageous a person as Harriet Tubman made not more than nineteen
(and probably fifteen) such trips over eight years.10
Museum of Canada, Bulletin No. 117 (Ottawa, 1950), pp. 86, 127; Creighton, “Songs
from Nova Scotia,” Journal of the International Folk Music Council, 12 (I960),
84-85; W. J. Wintemberg, “Some Items of Ncgro-Canadian Folk-Lore,” The Journal
of American Folk-Lore, 38 (1925), 621; Arthur Huff Fausct, “Folklore from the
Half-Breeds in Nova Scotia," ibid., pp. 300-15; Fausct, cd., Folklore from Nova
Scotia (New York, 1931), pp. vii-xiv.
14. Narrative of the Sufferings of Lewis Clarke, during a Captivity of More than
Twenty-Five Years, Among the Algerines of Kentucky . . . (Boston, 1845), pp. 3940; Douglass, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (Hartford, Conn., 1884) pp.
198-99.
^
15. Mitchell, The Under-Ground Railroad, pp. 3-5, 71, 113.
16. Herbert Aptheker gives this figure in The Negro in the Abolitionist Move
ment (New York, 1941), p. 16, perhaps drawing it from Benjamin Brawlcy, A Short
History of the American Negro, 2nd rev. ed. (New York, 1927), p. 78.
A Continental Abolitionism?
Another of the chief accounts of the Underground Railroad was by
William Still, a free Negro who from 1847 was on the staff of the
Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery. Philadelphia
was a prime entrepot for fugitive slaves, and many visited Still at his home;
during fourteen years of active work on behalf of escaping slaves, includ
ing a visit to Canada West in 1855, he kept detailed records from which,
in 1872, he published his Record of Facts. Subsequent students of the
Railroad drew heavily upon this massive volume of 780 finely printed
pages, twice revised and extended, of narratives and letters.17 Yet a close
reading of Still’s work, together with an examination of his manuscripts,
does not support the notion that great streams of fugitives reached British
North America through the medium of “the Road.’’ Still gives evidence on
892 fugitives in his volume—although there appear to be more, some are
repetitions—and he provides names for most. Of these, he gives evidence
clearly showing that 112 reached the Canadas, and he asserts on nine
other occasions, without evidence, that fugitives did so; the rest are left
departing from Philadelphia with “their faces set Canada-wards.” From
the names provided by Still, one may identify five more who reached
Canada West, unknown to him. No doubt there were others, for many
fugitives changed their names—if not always radically, as when John
Atkinson became John Atkins—and a number, not alone on Still’s evi
dence, could have passed for white after arriving in the provinces. None
theless, the figures that one may project as safely having reached British
North America via Philadelphia are not, despite Still’s frequent usage of
Canada as a presumptive goal, very large.18
20. Subsequent scholarship added to the figures. Many volumes re
peated the estimates. Some, such as Homer Uri Johnson’s From Dixie
to Canada: Romances and Realities of the Underground Railroad, pub
lished in 1894,10 are presented as factual, when they were in truth a
pastiche of tales. Other works, such as the highly influential treatment by
Wilbur H. Siebert, The Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom—
the first genuinely scholarly study of the fugitive slaves’ escape routes,
published in 1898—further fed the legend. Siebert (whose position at his
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Letters, &c . . . (Philadelphia); Siebert, Underground Railroad, p. 234, n. 1; Drew,
North-Side View of Slavery, p. 43. I have examined the Letter Book of William
Still, and the Journal of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society Underground Rail
road in the PSHS, and they add little to Still’s published account
18. A number of Still’s letters have been reprinted in Carter G. Woodson, ed.,
“Letters Largely Personal and Private," JNH, 11 (1926), 104-75. See also Larry
Gara, "William Still and the Underground Railroad,” Pennsylvania History, 28
(1961), 33-44; and C. Lightfoot Roman, The Underground Railroad (Valleyfield,
P.Q., [1933]), passim.
19. (Orwell, Ohio), vol. 1 (no further volumes published); 2nd cd., 1896.
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university was in European rather than American history) worked from
published materials, a lengthy questionnaire he sent to aging antislavery
advocates, and from conversations with former fugitives. He did not verify
the published accounts—many of them repetitive, taken from each other—
against manuscript sources, and he accepted the answers to his question
naire at face value. His descriptions and references—to “taking an agency”
for the Railroad, or “employees of the U.G.R.R.”—tended to suggest a
greater degree of organization than existed.20 Even so careful a scholar as
western Ontario’s Fred Landon, the foremost student of the Negro settle
ments in Canada West, was content to accept from Siebert and elsewhere
the estimates of sixty thousand fugitives, did not distinguish carefully
between fugitive and free Negroes, and reported that after 1850 “the early
trickle which had become a stream turned for a time into a torrent.”
Siebert’s work, Landon concluded, was “authoritative.” 21
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today are descendants of fugitive slaves, the slave condition, poverty, and
America—inheritors of the disgrace of both caste and mark. In 1956 when
a journalist, J. C. Furnas, asked acquaintances to guess at the total number
of fugitive slaves, the average reply set the figure at 270,000; some
answered a million.22 Is it little wonder, then, that one heritage of the
fugitive slave period, for Canadians, is an easy assumption of Negro
uniformity? The legend of the Underground Railroad and its aftermath
has united all Canadian Negroes into a single group in the eyes of white
Canadians, reinforcing those prejudices which grow from the notion that
an ethnic group must be viewed as a single social unit. To Canadians,
Negroes were a monolith, both because of their color and because of their
presumed origins as fugitive slaves—origins probably shared by no more
than half the Negro population of Canada today.
British North Americans who read the literature of the Underground
Railroad, the fugitive slaves, and the abolitionists in general also were
reinforced in their consciousness of moral purity. Some few accounts—by
Drew, Henson, Ward, Israel Campbell, and Austin Steward in particular 23
—remarked upon the incidence of prejudice in the Canadas and compared
Canada West to the northern states; but the great mass of fugitive nar
ratives were unstinting in their praise of the Canadian haven and found
no occasion to mention the quasi-segregated pattern of life developing
there, the numerous demeaning incidents that the fugitives encountered,
or the morass of conflicting claims made upon the confused fugitive by
missionary groups, communal settlements, and school societies. In the
thirty most widely known fugitive slave accounts published between 1836
and 1859, British North America is mentioned in all but four; of these
twenty-six accounts, few can be said to provide anything like a realistic
picture of conditions in Canada West.24
The structure of these fugitive slave narratives tended to be similar.
Often the fugitive was said to have “much white blood” flowing in his
veins, was forced to watch drunken masters down great quantities of
whiskey (for the books also preached temperance), and had to listen to
s, and b----- h”) from which religion was a
foul language (“d—n, b
solace taken despite the master’s disapproval. During the flight one was
usually helped by Quakers, met a band of Indians, and kissed the earth
of Canada. Much was written off as “substantially, if not literally, true,” as
Loguen remarked. For the white reader, interest focused upon the exciting
That Siebert’s Underground Railroad existed is quite true. Many brave
and selfless men labored for it in behalf of the fugitive slaves. Thousands
of fugitives did find refuge in Canada West And one should not denigrate
the estimates contemporary to 1860 without putting something in their
place. This is difficult, for the censuses were inaccurate, the fugitives often
stayed in the Canadas only a few weeks, and no figures are available with
consistency from school, tax, or voting records, since some but not all
provide an indication of color. On the basis of my own research, the best
I can offer—in addition to the statement in the Appendix—is that by
1860 the black population of Canada West alone may have reached forty
thousand, three-quarters of whom had been or were fugitive slaves or their
children, and therefore beneficiaries of the Underground Railroad.
But the legend outgrew the reality in Canada, as legends invariably do
without the correctives of time, logic, or scholarship. And the legend fed
the twentieth-century assumption that nearly all black men in Canada
20. Siebert wrote many articles on the underground railroad, as well as his mas
sive book, cited previously, The Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom (see
pp. 29, 70-72, 76, 151). He confuses the date of his interviews, however (compare
p. 194 n. 1, and p. 249 n. 4). The uncritical acceptance of his book is shown in the
Siebert Papers in the Houghton Library, vol. 45 of which contains letters and reviews
(including Canadian ones) on its publication. See, for example, the Montreal Star,
Jan. 28,1899.
21. Landon, “Canada and the Underground Railroad," Kingston Historical Society,
Reports and Proceedings (1923), p. 17, and “The Underground Railway along the
Detroit River," Michigan History, 39 (1955), 63-68. The chief volumes that build
upon Siebert are: Hildegarde Hoyt Swift, The Railroad to Freedom (New York,
1932); Henrietta Buckmaster [Henkle], Let My People Go: The Story of the Under
ground Railroad (New York, 1941); and William Breyfogle, Make Free: The Story
of the Underground Railroad (Philadelphia, 1958).
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22. Furnas, Goodbye to Uncle Tom (New York, [1956]), p. 239.
23. Henson, Ward, Steward, and Drew have been cited previously. Campbell’s
account, an unusually able one, was Bond and Free: or, Yearnings for Freedom . . .
(Philadelphia, 1861); see especially pp. 199, 203-39, 251-64, 291-97.
24. See those titles discussed in Nelson, “Negro in Literature," pp. 60-67.
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The Blacks in Canada
moment of escape from the master and the long journey northward to
freedom; a secondary interest lay in accounts of life on the plantation,
culminating in a series of brutalities which precipitated the decision to
flee. Little space was given to the post-escape life of the fugitive, in part
because the narratives often were written soon after the fugitive had
arrived in the North or in Canada, and in larger part because the later
aspects of the story held less intrinsic interest. Even Benjamin Drew, in his
A North-Side View of Slavery—published in Boston in 1856 by John P.
Jewett, the enterprising publisher of Uncle Tom’s Cabin—gave most of
his space to accounts of how the fugitives escaped, despite his announced
intention to provide a record of “the history and condition of the colored
population of Upper Canada.”
Representative accounts were those by J. W. Loguen, Moses Roper, and
Laura Haviland, and those on Harriet Tubman. Loguen was born in
Tennessee, the natural son of a white man and a slave mother. His flight to
freedom, in 1834-35, was a daring undertaking; during his five years in
Canada West he learned to read, took a two-hundred-acre farm (which he
lost because of a partner’s bad judgment), and spoke of acquiring British
citizenship. He turned to teaching school in Utica, New York; became an
elder in the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church (and in 1868, a
bishop); and was for some years a teacher and minister in Syracuse,
where he was one of the prime movers in the “Jerry rescue,” leading to his
taking temporary refuge with Hiram Wilson in Canada. He died in 1872.
Loguen’s autobiography, which is contradictory and unclear on dates and
sequences, became an important primary source for historians. Although
Loguen stated that there was no Underground Railroad at the time of his
flight, the Dictionary of American Biography later would note how his
escape revealed that “preliminary surveys” had been made for the under
ground system and that “a few lines already ran . . . as unerringly as
railroads run through the large towns and cities.” 25 On the other hand
Roper, whose narrative sold widely in England, went on to London. Later
he became famous in British North America through a lecture tour.20
It was in Sarah Bradford’s biography of Harriet Tubman in 1869 that
several of the songs allegedly sung as the fugitives crossed the Suspension
25. See Loguen, as a Slave and as a Freeman, which despite its date (1859) con
tains letters for 1860; Wfilliam] H. A[Uison], “Jermain W. Loguen," DAB 11 (1943),
368-69; James Egert Allen, The Negro in New York (New York, 1964)*, pp. 74-75J
and Rhodes House, Oxford, Anti-Slavery Papers: Wilson to Scoble, Feb. 24, 1852!
The Syracuse Public Library’s copy of Loguen’s book contains a note indicating
that he was sixty-three when he died, which suggests that he was bom in 1810 (the
DAB says 1813); the New York Tribune for Oct. 1, 1872, contains an obituary.
26. Roper’s account was A Narrative of the Adventures and Escapes of Moses
Roper, from American Slavary, 3rd ed. (London, 1839).
/I Continental Abolitionism?
243
Bridge at the Niagara frontier were first recorded. The most famous words
betrayed abolitionist and non-Negro origins, however, even as printed
in the Bradford account:
I’m now embarked for yonder shore,
Where a man’s a man by law.
De iron horse will bear me o’er,
To ‘shake de lion’s paw’;
Oh, righteous Father, wilt thou not pity me,
And help me on to Canada, where all de slaves are free.
Oh I heard Queen Victoria say,
That if we would forsake,
Our native land of slavery,
And come across de lake,
Dat she was standing on de shore,
Wid arms extended wide,
To give us all a peaceful home,
Beyond de rolling tide.
To this Bradford added, “No doubt the simple creatures . . . expected
to cross a wide lake instead of a rapid river, and to see Queen Victoria
with her crown upon her head, waiting with arras extended wide, to fold
them all in her embrace.” 27
Laura Haviland, a white Canadian-born Quaker “Superintendent of
the Underground,” also was the subject of much postemancipation writing
in Canada. Her narrative, A Woman’s Life Work, although rambling, un
clear, and filled with fictitious dialogue, unquestionably shows that she
aided several fugitives to escape, knew Hiram Wilson and Isaac Rice, and
was to the Detroit frontier what Harriet Tubman was to the Niagara. In
addition to her active part in the Anderson extradition case, Laura Havi
land taught school and, hoping to avoid denominational strife, opened a
Christian Union Church in the Puce River area in 1852-53 with the
support of Henry Bibb and two Detroit philanthropists. She suffered all
the publicized rigors of the Canadian climate, frequently awakening “with
snow sifting on her face, and not infrequently [finding] the snow half an
inch or more deep on her bed upon rising in the morning.” 28 The point at
27. Sarah Bradford, Harriet Tubman: The Moses of Her People, 2nd ed. (New
York, 1886); Smith College, Sophia Smith Collection: Martha Coffin Wright to
Lucretia Coffin Mott, n.d. [18601; Earl Conrad, Harriet Tubman (Washington, 1943),
passim. Conrad suggests there were fifteen trips, Bradford mentions nineteen. The
author visited the Harriet Tubman Memorial Home, near Auburn, New York, but
found no useful memorabilia.
28. See Mildred E. Danforth, A Quaker Pioneer: Laura Haviland, Superintendent
of the Underground (New York, 1961), passim (the quotation is from p. 122);
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The Blacks in Canada
A Continental Abolitionism?
others who left moving mcmoirs-S ClariTe, »m»Brown!
Wilham Harrison—were honest, for on the whole they were, but that their
Sfern aV^ r;r0t *\ayS USed honeStIy by those wh0 generalized from
them, adapted them to their own purposes, reprinted out-of-context extracts
British North!America u^n^the^asis^of them
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refugees upon whom Drew commented, twelve were born free and kidnappcd into slavery or fled from fear of being kidnapped. Five were
passing as white. Ages ranged widely, with many being middle-aged (or
as Isaac Rice defined the term, over thirly-iree) and many much
fwithfall !e?!i aU Werf destitute» cominS as one said “like terrapins,
L,
Ve ^adi 0n 0Ur backs-” A number arrived heavily armed.20 Their
attemnLTf01!!^17/38 gtnU'mQ’ and on several occasions Negroes
southerners wh0 were f00lish
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New York ,h *
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245
usually for Kingston, Cobourg, or Toronto. They made their way over the
lakes on steamers, in smaller craft, and in one instance by floating across
on a wooden gate—to land at Point Pelee, the ports of Burwell, Rowan,
Talbot, and Stanley, at Long Point and Fort Erie, and elsewhere. The
steamer Arrow, moving between Sandusky and Detroit under its noted
Captain J. W. Keith, transported a large number of fugitives; and small
vessels under Robert Wilson put in with “grain” which had been sent out
from an Ashtabula warehouse for human cargo. Toronto, Brantford, Oak
ville, Collingwood, London, and the village of Shrewsbury, saw sharp
rises in their black populations as a result of such traffic. Others went
among the French near Windsor but, finding them “distant,” moved away
from the Detroit frontier, several establishing a short-lived all-Negro
town, New Kentucky, in 1860. In 1851 the Voice of the Fugitive said that
twenty-five hundred Negroes were at work on the railroad, and Ingersoll
attracted a number once the line was open to Windsor because wood for
the railway engines was cut and stored there. Some few went to the oil
field near Petrolia, at Oil Springs.31
Just how sharp the rise was in specific communities cannot be said. In
1852 Isaac Rice thought there were between one and two thousand Ne
groes in Hamilton, while there were “not far from one hundred” in
Brantford and between two and three hundred in London. He set the
black population of Chatham at fifteen hundred, and on the Detroit fron
tier at four thousand. Two years later Drew found a thousand Negroes in
Toronto, mostly in the northwest section of the city, which then had a
population of forty-seven thousand. He thought there were forty Negroes
in Galt, two hundred in Windsor, five hundred in Amherstburg (of a total
population of two thousand), nearly the same in Colchester (of fifteen
hundred population), and two thousand in or near Chatham of a total
population of six thousand. Dr. Howe found seven hundred Negroes in
St. Catharines, although the census had reported 472, and in Hamilton he
found five hundred where the census had enumerated only 62—unlikely,
given the large numbers reported for nearly a decade earlier. The census
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£ I0* 18591 The Ho™rab>e Elijah Leonard: A
0a}-> n-d->, PP- 47—48; Toronto Globe, Oct. 8, 1858 Sept. 9 1859Orlo Miller, Gargoyles & Gentlemen: A History of St. Paul's Cathedral London
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31. Montreal Gazette, Aug. 10, 1853; Drew, p. 300; London (Ont) Free Press,
June 21, 1926, June 30, 1956; Oakville (Ont.) Weekly Sun, Sept 7, 1960; Siebcrt,
Underground Railroad, pp. 83, 148-49; O. K. Watson, “Along the Talbot Road,”
Kentiana (n.p., 1939), p. 67; O. K. Watson, “Early History of Shrewsbury," Kent
Historical Society, Papers and Addresses, 6 (1924), 83-84; Lauriston, “Negro Col
onies,” p. 96; John Nettleton, “Reminiscences, 1857-1870," Huron Institute, Papers
and Records, 2 (1914), 13-15; Fred London, “Over Lake Erie to Freedom," North
west Ohio Historical Quarterly, 17 (1945), 132-38; Landon, “Fugitive Slaves in Lon
don Ontario before 1860," London and Middlesex Historical Society, Transactions, 10
(1919), 37; Landon, “The Fugitive Slave Law and the Detroit River Frontier, 185061," Detroit Historical Society Bulletin, 7 (1950), 5-9.
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The Blacks in Canada
reported 510 Negroes in Toronto, while Dr. Howe found 934. The proper
numbers were not known and cannot now be recovered, but it is clear
that while the Negroes were not so numerous as subsequent myth-making
and contemporary abolitionist propaganda would lead one to believe,
they nonetheless were substantial, and on occasion—in Chatham, for
example—comprised as much as a third of the population.32
Conditions for the fugitives were, as before 1800, mixed. Some adjusted
readily and soon enjoyed relative prosperity. John W. Lindsey, who could
pass for white, was worth $10,000 or more, as were Aaron Siddles and
Henry Blue of Chatham. John Little and his wife—who moved into
Queen’s Bush—came to have over one hundred acres under good cultiva
tion, could lend a friend $2,000, and owned a horse and carriage. In
London, A. B. Jones, who had arrived penniless, soon owned several
properties, one worth $4,000; and his brother, Alfred T., ran a prosperous
pharmacy. Some fugitives became brakemen on the Great Western Rail
road, which paid well, while others helped clear new lands around Col
chester. Apprentices earned $2.50 a week, and waiters, especially around
Niagara and in Toronto, received wages of $12.00 a month.
Still, lodgings might cost $15.00 a month and earnings were seldom
sufficient to replace clothing left behind, to pay for the journey to Canada
of wives and children who had remained in the South, or to pay doctor’s
bills. Most fugitives, badly dressed for the Canadian winters, arriving
“like frogs in Egypt,” were consumptive: one Toronto woman lost ten
children from tuberculosis.33 Thomas F. Page, a young man from the
upper South, reported “I do not like Canada, or the Provinces. I have been
to St. John, N.B., Lower Province, or Lower Canada, also St Catharines,
C.W., and all around the Canada side, and I do not like it at all. The
people seem to be so queer.” The more frequent sentiment probably lay
closer to that expressed by John H. Hill, a skilled carpenter and an officer
in a company of Negro rifle guards, who wrote to William Still, “I wants
you to let the whole United States know we are satisfied here because I
have seen more Pleasure since I came here than I saw in the U.S. the 24
years that I served my master.” “It is true,” he added the following year,
“that I have to work very hard for comfort but I would not exchange
32. Amherstburg Quarterly Mission Journal, 1, Sept 25, 28, Oct 12, 1852; Drew,
pp. 94-95, 118-19, 136, 147-48, 234-35, 321, 348-49; Siebcrt, pp. 220-21; Howe,
Refugees from Slavery, pp. 15-16. In 1843 Hiram Wilson had put the Negro popula
tion of Canada West at sixteen thousand (BPL, Samuel J. May, Jr. Papers, 1:
circular, Sept 30).
33. London Free Press, June 12, 1954; M. Murray, “Stories of the Underground
Railroad," The Methodist Magazine and Review, 48 (1898), 221-22; Mitchell, UnderGround Railroad, pp. 158-67; Siebert, pp. 205, 223; Drew, pp. 149-53, 198-233,
250, 270-73; Still, Underground Rail Road, pp. 2, 51, 77, 152, 319, 324, 490, 598.
A Continental Abolitionism?
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with ten thousand slave that are equel [jtc] with their masters. I am
Happy, Happy.” “Those that will work,” remarked another, “do well—
those that will not—not; it is the same here as everywhere. It is the best
poor man’s country that I know of.”34
Until the economic panic of 1857, this judgment was a fair one. Jerry
of the famous rescue became a barrel-maker in Kingston, and the equally
famous Shadrach opened a restaurant in Montreal. In Toronto one Lemon
John prospered by peddling his special ice creams about the streets, and in
Saint John the city’s ice trade was the monopoly of a Negro, Robert
Whetsel. Joseph Mink became wealthy by managing a line of stages
running from Toronto. In Colchester, Nathan S. Powell survived by
manufacturing and selling Powell’s Indian Tonic. In Bronte a refugee
opened the first blacksmith shop; in Otterville a fugitive ran the only
saloon. Still others made rope, worked as fishermen, in the brickyards
and slaughterhouses, in livery stables, and as carpenters. Many women
were servants, as they had been in the South, or opened dress-making or
wig shops. In Hamilton, Negroes were in charge of the dead cart during
the 1850s—a fact that cuts two ways—and New Brunswick had a black
hangman who was regarded as standing apart from humanity, as had
been the executioner of Quebec, Mathew Leveille of Martinique, in the
previous century. Many Negroes, it was said, were “well dressed, quite
clean and interesting,” and owned houses that were “patterns of neat
ness.” 35
Indeed, the desire of most fugitives, once they had looked about and
had overcome the initial period of adjustment, was to acquire a house and
land. Most of the whites shared this goal, representative as it was of the
middle-class values to which the fugitives often attached themselves. One,
John Long, had owned land in the area that became Toronto in the 1830s,
34. Still, p. 333, Oct. 6, on Page; pp. 194, 197, Hill to Still, n.d. Pate 1853], and
Sept. 14, 1854; Robert Jones to Still, Aug. 9, 1856, p. 272; and pp. 250-54; Drew,
P. 172.
35. Fort Malden “Fugitive Slave File"; New York Tribune, Oct. 24, 1857; London
Free Press, July 5, 1924, April 30, 1932; Toronto Star, Aug. 11, 1943; NBM, "Whetscl Family" file; The Life of Rev. James Thompson, The World’s Wonder (Rich
mond, Va., 1885), pp. 13-23; Eber M. Pettit, Sketches in the History of the Under
ground Railroad . . . (Fredonia, N.Y., 1879), p. 53; Nina Moore Tiffany, “Stories
of the Fugitive Slaves, II: Shadrach," The New England Magazine, n.s., 2 (1890),
283; Blodwen Davies, Storied York: Toronto Old and New (Toronto, 1931), p. 68;
Marjorie Freeman Campbell, A Mountain and a City: The Story of Hamilton
(Toronto, 1966), p. 113; Lloyd A. Macham, A History of Moncton Town and City,
1855-1965 (Moncton, N.B., 1965), p. 67; A. Carle Smith, The Mosaic Province of
New Brunswick (Saint John, 1965), p. 93; Andrd Lachance, Le Bourreau au Canada
sous le regime frangais (Quebec, 1966), pp. 79-81; Colonial Church and School
Society Report for 1856-7 (PAC microfilm): A-325, p. 55, Nov. 1, 1856.
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A Continental Abolitionism?
The Blacks in Canada
and a number had acquired property in the Niagara district before 1850
and without benefit of communitarian practices. By 1853, one investigator
estimated, 276 Negroes in London owned real estate valued at $13,504—
an average higher than for whites in the city.
In 1862 Dr. Howe found that one in eleven of Malden’s Negroes paid
taxes on property, while one in thirteen in Chatham were so taxed. (In
both cases, one in every three or four whites owned ratable property.)
But in Windsor one in five blacks, and only one in seven whites, were ratepayers. In this case, however, the average assessment on white-owned
property was $18.76, while on black it was $4.18; in Chatham the figures
had been $10.63 and $4.98 respectively.36 And prejudice operated to keep
even those Negroes who could afford better properties from moving else
where.
Few fugitives attempted to deny that they encountered substantial
prejudice. In the 1850s city directories began to designate those residences
and businesses owned by Negroes. Blacks were expelled from camp meet
ings, and those churchmen who—like Cronyra in London—wished to
help educate the fugitive, now argued that separate schools were needed
because of white opposition. Dresden was called “Nigger Hole” by those
who had opposed the Dawn settlement; racial jokes increased in the press;
Negroes who, a decade or two earlier, had been able to employ whites
to work for them no longer could do so. Throughout British North America
blacks were thought, by some, to be responsible for “all the outrageous
crimes, and two thirds of the minor ones”; chicken coops and laundry lines
were said to require special protection where black men were about; and
their women were blamed for an alleged rise in prostitution. Hotels in
Hamilton, Windsor, Chatham, and London refused blacks admission, and
they could not purchase cabin-class tickets on the Chatham steamer. The
Montreal Gazette, turning back to the Nova Scotian experience, suggested
that the fugitives should be sent to Sierra Leone. Beginning in 1855,
auctioneers at the sale of building lots in the Windsor area refused to take
bids from any Negroes, the city’s Herald remarking that an owner had the
right to “preserve his property from deterioration.” Negroes should wish to
stay with their own people, and if they did not they were welcome to
leave. To oppose intermarriage and social mixing was not to be pro
slavery. So long as blacks remained in Canada West, the Herald warned,
they would “ever have to contend with their superiors,” and thus one
36. Edwin C. Giullet, Toronto from Trading Post to Great City (Toronto, 1934),
p. 310; [Archibald Bremner], City of London Ontario. Canada: The Pioneer Period
and the London of To-day (London, 1897), pp. 60-61; Howe, pp. 61-62; Siebert,
p. 232.
249
helped them by refusing to sell them land. Canada West had become,
according to Samuel Ringgold Ward, writing in what John Scoble called
his “belligerent spirit,” “beneath and behind Yankee feeling” in its colorphobia.37
The widely held Canadian view that there was a disproportionate
number of Negroes in prison, jails, or the insane asylum was current well
before 1850—and it cannot be supported. In 1851 the provincial institu
tion for the insane in Canada West had only one Negro among 220
patients. The Reports of Penitentiary Inspectors tended to emphasize the
“high percentage” of Negroes behind bars, while noting that fugitives
educated only to slavery naturally were more prone to petty crime. Nor are
the percentages particularly high: in fact, of the 3,223 persons who
enjoyed Toronto’s jail in 1859, 117 were black. Of 1,057 women committed in 1856, only eight were black; and of the Kingston penitentiary’s
125 prisoners, eight also were Negroes. But each Negro offense received
major publicity: when blacks burned down the barns of three of their
opponents; when a Negro stabbed a colleague in a raffle, another murdered an Indian, and two beat a white to death—all in 1852; when one
Negro killed another over noise in a Negro church in 1853; and when
two black men murdered a mail carrier in 1859 and were hanged. Through
out these years the begging preachers and agents continued to be much
in the news over their suits, assaults, and petty thefts.38 Public opinion
considered that fugitives were too often not punished for minor crimes out
of sympathy for their condition: “it was found,” according to the Montreal
Gazette as early as 1842, “to be a sufficient reason to be an Indian or
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37. Windsor Herald, Oct. 20, Nov. 3, 1855; Montreal Gazette, April 18, Sept. 16,
1851; Sarnia Observer, Nov. 25, 1859; Hamilton Canadian Illustrated News, 1
(1862), 8, 44, (1863), 131; Chambers, Things as They are in America, pp. 2728; Dclany, Niger Valley Exploring Party, p. 71; Ward, Autobiography, pp. 14446, 202; Lauriston, Romantic Kent, p. 383; Edith C. Firth, ed., The Town of York,
1815-1834: A Further Collection of Documents of Early Toronto (Toronto, 1966),
pp. 333-34.
38. See, for example, Windsor Herald, Jan. 4, 1856; London (C.W.) Times,
May 4, 1849; Toronto News of the Week, Aug, 28, Nov. 6, Dec. 24, 1852, March 12,
1853; The Friend of Man, Aug. 30, 1837; Brantford Expositor, July 31, Aug. 6,
1852; the Inspector’s Reports in the Appendixes to the Journal of the House of
Assembly of Upper Canada, 1837-38, and the Journals of the Legislative Assembly
of the Province of Canada, 1841-43, 1860; Linton, Liquor Law, p. 24; and James
Silk Buckingham, Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the Other British
Provinces in North America, with a Plan of National Colonization (London, n.d.),
P- 67. Of 5,346 people committed to Toronto jail in 1857, only 78 were Negroes
(W. G. Brownlow and Abram Pryne, Ought American Slavery to be Perpetuated?
. . [Philadelphia, 1858], pp. 237-38).
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The Blacks in Canada
A Continental Abolitionism?
251
Negro to escape the gallows, no matter what crime they may have com
mitted.” 38 In short, the record was broken even before it was played.
This rising tide of prejudice, remarked upon by nearly all of the white
members of Canadian antislavery organizations and many of the refugees
themselves, was ascribed by most to four groups of people. All singled
out the American-born settlers—or those who had acquired “Yankee
ways”—who moved into the Niagara peninsula and, in greater numbers,
into the extreme southwest corner of the province. Most had occasion to
include Irish settlers as a source of anti-Negro sentiment. Others suggested
that former planters from the West Indies and their children—having lost
their patrimony and now displaced from what they considered to have been
a leading position in Imperial society—were enemies of the black man.
Finally, nearly everyone had an amorphous body of villains to blame,
those “lower orders” of whatever ethnic or national origin (including but
not limited to the Irish settlers) with whom the Negroes competed for
work and with whose women black men allegedly were able to make
their way. To prove any of these contentions would be impossible; of
the fugitive at the time no proof was asked. They were, many perceived,
what James G. Birney—twice the Liberty Party’s presidential candidate—
had predicted they would be: “an inferior class" in the “bleak and hyper
borean regions. » 40
Why this should have been so may not be answered clearly. Certainly
imported prejudices played a role. Certainly the pressures created by a
growing awareness of mass Negro arrivals, to compete for labor and
allegedly to add to the crime rate, contributed. The persistence of selfconscious Negro associations, of separate communities, of improvement
societies such as the Sons of Uriah or the Negro Order of Odd Fellows,
and of all-Negro churches, were both a symptom of prejudice and a con
tributor to it Unquestionably the flow of fugitives changed in character
after 1850 as a result of the Fugitive Slave Act, that desperate compromise
by which nationalist American statesmen attempted yet again to hold the
union together. The new fugitives were not only more numerous but
poorer, more ready to take fright, armed and suspicious. Among British
North Americans there was a growing awareness of the many moral
ambiguities thrust upon them by the fugitives and their problems. This
awareness helped to induce that confusion which has always been present
when Canadians have had to deal with issues not of their own making but
arising mostly from the unfortunate circumstance of sharing a continent
with a giant neighbor where confusion and moral ambiguity were magni
fied, more passionate, and seemingly endemic.
In short, and as we have seen, British North Americans shared the
patterns of prejudice found in the North, although these patterns appeared
in colors muted by distance from the central scene of action. So, too, were
these patterns varied even within Canada West, and economic realities
again provided the conditions that led to those differences. Systematic
prejudice—in the schools, in the churches, in the sale of property—was
mild in the eastern part of the southwestern peninsula, in Hamilton, and
north into Toronto, while it was relatively stringent in the western part.
One explanation for this observable difference—noted at the time and
clear from the evidence now—is that Hamilton and Toronto were pros
perous, especially after 1854 and even after 1857 despite the slump, and
that the building trades were in need of much semiskilled labor, so that
Irish and Negro alike could find jobs; while at the frontier on the west,
opposite Detroit, the economy was not able to absorb the new arrivals,
Prejudice, always individual, was also a matter of the moment, the place,
and the market, however, for discrimination was widely practiced in St.
Catharines, despite this geographical generalization.
But if many of the cherished beliefs of Canadians—then and since
about the haven they provided fugitives from federal marshals are myths,
or at least exaggerated, a countervailing fact also remains indisputably
true: in British North America, the Negro remained equal in the eyes of
the law—after the abolition of slavery, and setting aside the growing
tendency toward segregated education, a most damaging exception to be
dealt with in a later chapter. Although challenged in 1851, Negro jurors
and jury foremen served in Toronto and elsewhere, and Negroes gave
evidence with full legal protection. They generally were taxed as the white
man was, were punished in no harsher a manner than any other criminals,
and cast their votes openly and with impunity. British consuls looked after
the black Canadian’s interests when he was abroad with the same care
that any British subject might expect, and even American consuls in the
British provinces treated Negro Canadians with the respect that was their
due.41 If social and economic realities did not conform to legislative and
39. [D. N. Haskell], The Boston Committee in Canada: A Series of Eight Letters
reprinted from the Boston Atlas (Boston, 1851), p. 19; Anti-Slavery Reporter, n.s.,
4 (1856), 134, 166, 229-30; The Provincial Freeman, July 4, 1857.
40. Quoted in William H. and Jane H. Pease, eds., The Antislavery Argument
(Indianapolis, Ind., 1965), p. 46.
41. Anti-Slavery Reporter, June 21, 1843, and n.s., 4 (1856), 230, Voice of the
Fugitive, July 2, 1851; Toronto Globe, Oct 8, 1859; Ottawa Citizen, May 3, 1867«
PRO, BTI/479: Francis Waring, consul, Norfolk, Va., to J. T. Briggs, Oct 25, and
ends., in re New Brunswick Negro Antonio Nicholas; NA, Foreign Semce Post
Records, C.D., Halifax: cases of destitute Negro seamen (e.g., no. 6, R. W. Fraser
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A Continental Abolitionism?
The Blacks in Canada
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to William L. Marcy, Nov. 8, 1853, and no. 7, Dec. 14, 1854); Murray, “AngloAmerican Anti-Slavery Movement," pp. 324-27.
42. A-325, Report for 1856-7, p. 60: Nov. 1.
43. A longer version of the material that follows appears in Robin W. Winks,
“‘A Sacred Animosity’: Abolitionism in Canada," in Martin Duberman, ed., The
Anti-Slavery Vanguard: New Essays on the Abolitionists (Princeton, NJ., 1965), PP301-42.
*
253
events in and after 1850 in particular—the Larwill election campaign, a
public petition relating to segregated schools, and the passage of the Fugitive
Slave Bill—made such a society imperative in the minds of those who had
followed the color question in the United States with growing apprehension.
There was a ready-made group of Negro sympathizers in the white
Canadians who had contributed to the support of Wilberforce, Dawn, and
Elgin.44
Foremost among Canada’s abolitionists was George Brown, the powerful
editor of the province’s most important newspaper, the Toronto Globe.
Brown had shown an interest in the condition of the Negro in Canada
from the journal’s inception in 1844. He, his brother Gordon, his father
Peter, and his sister Isabella formed the nucleus of an antislavery society
in Toronto; and Isabella’s husband, Thomas Henning, was the first secre
tary of the Canadian Anti-Slavery Society as well as a member of the
Globe's editorial staff until 1854.45 Far more restrained than Garrison’s
Liberator and far more forthright than the lesser abolition sheets, the
Globe provided the antislavery group with a forum for the “sacred ani
mosity” its owners held toward slavery.40 In his paper Brown attacked
Henry Clay, the Fugitive Slave Law, Larwill, Prince, and separate schools
with equal force, for—as he wrote—Canadians had the “duty of preserv
ing the honour of the continent” against slavery.47
The Toronto-based group were able to ground their work on previously
established channels of communication. In 1827 Samuel Cornish and a
Quebec-educated Jamaican, John Browne Russwurm, editors of Freedom’s
Journal, which they published in New York for two years, had sent agents
into Canada to solicit support. Negroes in Windsor had established a short
lived antislavery society there, and Upper Canadians, led by John Roaf,
a Congregational minister, had attended a temperance convention in Sara
toga Springs, New York, in 1837, making contact with many American
abolitionists.48 As a result, Reverend Ephraim Evans, a Wesleyan Meth-
legal forms, those forms at least limited the ways in which prejudice
might make itself felt.
Still, the hierarchy of the unequal will have its way. In British North
America, as in the United States, the Kingdom of Individuals would be
long in coming. Even those who felt most committed in that cause, mem
bers of the Anti-Slavery Society of Canada and others who worked with
the abolitionists to cleanse North America of that which George Brown
accepted as a continental rather than merely American stain, were limited
in their effectiveness by that sense of paternalism which may so easily shade
into a racism no less hurtful for its presumptive benevolence; for such
paternalism reveals the quiet arrogance of those who feel that they have
all to give to an underprivileged group and nothing to learn from it
Can one condone wholly—or condemn entirely—the blind, well-meaning
certitude of that missionary-teacher who, reporting to the Colonial Church
and School Society in 1856 of her Negro charges, concluded that “The
worse they are, the more need there is for British Christians to instruct,
enlighten and reform them”? 42
The major thrust in the Canadian contribution to worldwide abolition
ism came not from the British mission boards, the self-segregated, selfhelp communities, the begging ministers, or the isolated Negroes of the
Maritime Provinces. These groups were interested in helping those blacks
who were citizens in British North America and in easing the adjustment of
the fugitives. Certainly individual members of some of the communities
helped to flay slavery through the press or hoped to weaken it by journeys
south of the border to guide fugitives toward freedom. Certainly, too,
many reasoned that any aid given to fugitives in British North America
made the provinces additionally attractive, and that by creating a magnet
for runaway slaves, they were helping to sap the strength of the institution.
But as collective bodies they did not attack slavery directly. Abolitionism
in British North America was expressed through attempts to subdue
prejudice within the provinces and efforts to lend vocal and moral support,
and limited financial aid, to the more exposed but also far more effective
abolitionist groups in the United States.43
The first major Canadian antislavery society was created to combat the
growing evidence of organized, group prejudice in Canada West. Three
ilk_____
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44. On the Negro issue in politics, see Winks, “Abolitionism in Canada," pp. 31718, n. 28.
45. J. M. S. Careless, Brown of the Globe, 1: The Voice of Upper Canada, 18181859 (Toronto, 1959), pp. 102-03; Syracuse Univ., Gerrit Smith Miller Papers:
Henning to Smith, Feb. 2, 13, 1861, Oct. 12, 1863; Columbia Univ., Gay Papers:
Henning to Gay, May 27, 1852, Feb. 18, 1854, April 11, 1855.
46. A phrase drawn from the Toronto Globe's notice, on June 8, 1860, of
Charles Sumner’s speech before the Senate, “The Barbarism of Slavery." See The
Works of Charles Sumner (Boston, 1874), J, 124.
47. See, for example, editorials of Feb. 7, March 19, May 28, Aug. 10, Sept 19,
Oct. 5, Nov. 9, 1850; Feb. 22, March 6, 27, April 3, 12, 18, May 10, 13, June 20,
Sept. 18, 25, Nov. 27, Dec. 18, 1851; and March 24, 1852.
48. Aptheker, Abolitionist Movement, p. 33; Washington, Story of the Negro, 2,
292-93; M. A. Garland, “Some Frontier and American Influences in Upper Canada
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Lyman Wilmot House
Description
An account of the resource
This collection consists of records related to the Deerfield Public Library's research into whether or not the Wilmot house could be proved to have been a stop on the Underground Railroad.
Creator
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Deerfield Public Library
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Deerfield Public Library
Publisher
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Deerfield Public Library
Date
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2002
Language
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English
Identifier
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DPL.0013
Text
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Dublin Core
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Title
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A Continental Abolitionism?
The Blacks in Canada: A History
Description
An account of the resource
Photocopy of a chapter from The Blacks in Canada entitled "A Continental Abolitionism?" with some highlighting.
Creator
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Winks, Robin W.
Publisher
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Yale University Press
Date
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1971
Language
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English
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
DPL.0013.032
1851 Canadian Census
1861 Canadian Census
A Flight Across Ohio: The Escape of William Wells Brown from Slavery
A Narrative of the Adventures and Escapes of Moses Roper from American Slavery
A Quaker Pioneer: Laura Haviland Superintendent of the Underground
A Sabbath Among the Runaway Negroes at Niagara
A Sacred Animosity: Abolitionism in Canada
A Short History of the American Negro
A Woman's Life Work
Abolitionism
Abolitionist Movement
Abolitionist Press
Abolitionists
Abram Pryne
Africa
African American Churches
African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church
Albany New York
Along the Talbot Road
Alvin McCudy
Amelia Harris
American Anti-Slavery Society
American Baptist Free Mission Society
American Civil War
American Philosophical Society
American Revolution
Americanborn Canadians
Amherstburg Ontario Canada
Anderson Extradition Case
Anglo American Anti-Slavery Movement
Anti-Slavery Reporter
Anti-Slavery Society of Canada
Antonio Nicholas
Aptheker
Archibald Bremner
Arrow
Arthur Huff Fauset
Ashtabula Ohio
Auburn New York
Augustus Diamond
Austin Steward
Authentic Narratives
Autobiography
Baltimore Sun
Baptist Church
Benjamin Brawley
Benjamin Drew
Bond and Free: or
Booker T. Washington
Boston Atlas
Boston Massachusetts
Brantford Expositor
Brantford Ontario Canada
British Mission Boards
British North America
British Provinces
Brown of the Globe
Buffalo New York
Burwell Ontario Canada
C. Lightfoot Roman
Cambridge Massachusetts
Canada
Canada East
Canada Nova Scotia New Brunswick and the Other British Provinces in North America with a Plan of National Colonization
Canada West
Canada's Part in Freeing the Slave
Canadian Antislavery Organizations
Canadian Antislavery Societies
Canadian Censuses
Canadian Liberty Political Party
Canadian Racial Prejudice
Canadian Racism
Canadian Segregation
Cape Vincent New York
Carter G. Woodson
Charles Sumner
Chatham Ontario Canada
Chatham Steamer
Christian Union Church
Cincinnati Ohio
City of London Ontario Canada: The Pioneer Period and the London of Today
Cleveland Ohio
Cobourg Ontario Canada
Collingwood Ontario Canada
Colonial Church and School Society
Columbia University
Columbia University Gay Papers
Communal Settlements
Congregational Church
Creighton
Cronym
D.N. Haskell
Dawn
Detroit Historical Society
Detroit Historical Society Bulletin
Detroit Michigan
Dictionary of American Biography
Dr. Howe
Dresden Ontario Canada
Drew
Earl Conrad
Early History of Shrewsbury
Edith C. Firth
Edwin C. Giullet
Edwin Larwill
Elgin
Elijah Leonard
Ephraim Evans
ETc.
Excelsior
Folklord of Lunenburg County Nova Scotia
Folklore from Nova Scotia
Folklore from the Half-Breeds in Nova Scotia
Foreign Service Post Records
Fort Erie
Fort Malden Ontario Canada
Foul Language
Francis Waring
Fred Landon
Frederick Douglass
Free African Americans
Freedom's Journal
French
From Dixie to Canada: Romance and Reality of the Underground Railroad
Fugitive African Americans
Fugitive Slave Act
Fugitive Slave Narratives
Fugitive Slaves
Fugitive Slaves in London Ontario Before 1860
Galt Ontario Canada
Gara
Gargoyles and Gentlemen: A History of St. Paul's Cathedral London Ontario
Garrison Liberator
George Brown
Goodbye to Uncle Tom
Gordon Brown
Gordon Sellar
Grand Rapids Michigan
Halifax Nova Scotia
Hamilton Canadian Illustrated News
Hamilton Ontario Canada
Harriet Tubman
Harriet Tubman Memorial Home
Harriet Tubman: The Moses of Her People
Harvard University
Harvard University Houghton Library
Harvard University Houghton Library Siebert Papers
Haviland
Helen Creighton
Henry Bibb
Henry Clay
Henson
Herbert Aptheker
Hiram Wilson
Historical Statistics of Canada
Homer Uri Johnson
Hungary
Huron Institute
Huron Institute Papers and Records
Illinois
Immigration
Indiana
Indianapolis Indiana
Irish Settlers
Isaac Rice
Isabella Brown Henning
Israel Campbell
J.C. Furnas
J.M.S. Careless
J.T. Briggs
J.W. Keith
J.W. Loguen
Jamaica
James Egert Allen
James G. Birney
James Silk Buckingham
Jane H. Pease
Jermain W. Loguen
Jerry Rescue
John Atkins
John Atkinson
John Browne Russwurm
John Nettleton
John P. Jewett
John Roaf
John Scoble
Journal of the House of Assembly of Upper Canada
Journal of the House of Assembly of Upper Canada Inspector's Reports Appendixes
Journal of the International Folk Music Council
Journal of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society
Journals of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada
Junius
K.A.H. Buckley
Kenneth M. Stampp
Kentiana
Kentucky
Kingston Ontario Canada
Kingston Penitentiary
Lake Erie
Lake Ontario
Larry Gara
Larwill Election Campaign
Laura Haviland
Letters
Letters Largely Personal and Private
Levi Coffin: The Friend of the Slave
Lewis Clarke
Lewiston New York
Lexington Kentucky
Life and Times of Frederick Douglass
Liquor Law
Loguen
London and Middlesex Historical Society
London England
London Free Press
London Ontario Canada
London Times
Long Point
Lucretia Coffin Mott
Lunenburg County Nova Scotia
M.A. Garland
M.C. Urquhart
Maritime Provinces
Martha Coffin Wright
Martin Duberman
Methodist Church
Mid-America
Mildred E. Danforth
Missionary Groups
Mitchell
Montreal Gazette
Montreal Star
Moses Roper
Narrative
Narrative of the Sufferings of Lewis Clarke
National Anti-Slavery Standard
National Museum of Canada
National Museum of Canada Bulletin No. 117
Native Americans
Negro in Literature
Negro Order of Odd Fellows
New Hampshire
New Kentucky Ontario Canada
New Orleans Commerical Bulletin
New York
New York City New York
New York Tribune
New York Weekly Tribune
Niagara District Canada
Niagara Falls Ontario Canada
Niagara Suspension Bridge
Niger Valley Exploring Party
Norfolk Virginia
North-Side View of Slavery
Northern Border Cities
Northern Prejudices
Northern Racism
Northwest Ohio Historical Quarterly
Nova Scotia Canada
O.K. Watson
Oakville Ontario Canada
Oakville Weekly Sun
Oberlin Ohio
Ogdensburg New York
Ohio
Ohio State Historical Society
Ohio State Historical Society Siebert Papers
Oil Springs Ontario Canada
Ontario Historical Society
Ontario Historical Society Papers and Records
Orlo Miller
Orwell Ohio
Oswego New York
Ottawa Canada
Ottawa Citizen
Ought American Slavery to be Perpetuated?
Over Lake Erie to Freedom
Owen Sound Comet
Oxford Rhodes House Anti-Slavery Papers
Paternalism
Patsey Williams
Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society
Pennsylvania History
Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery
Pennsylvania State Historical Society
Peter Brown
Petrolia Ontario Canada
Philadelphia Pennsylvania
Point Pelee Canada
Port Ontario New York
Prince
Princeton New Jersey
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
Propaganda Use of the Underground Railway
Public Opinion
Puce River
Quakers
Queen Victoria
R.W. Fraser
Record of Facts
Reports of Penitentiary Inpectors
Robert Sellar
Robert Wilson
Robin W. Winks
Rochester New York
Romantic Kent
Roper
Rowan Ontario Canada
Royal Society of Canada
Royal Society of Canada Proceedings and Transactions
Samuel Cornish
Samuel Ringgold Ward
Sandusky Ohio
Sarah Bradford
Saratoga Springs New York
Sarnia Observer
School Records
School Societies
Separate Schools
Shrewsbury Ontario Canada
Sierra Leone
Slave States
Smith College
Smith College Sophia Smith Collection
Some Frontier and American Influences in Upper Canada
Some Items of Negro-Canadian Folk-Lore
Songs from Nova Scotia
Sons of Uriah
Sophia Smith
Southern Slave Songs
St. Catharines A to Z
St. Catharines and Lincoln Historical Society
St. Catharines Journal
St. Catharines Ontario Canada
St. Lawrence River
St. Paul's Cathedral
Stanley Ontario Canada
Steamers
Story of the Negro
Stratford Beacon
Syracuse New York
Syracuse Public Library
Syracuse University
Syracuse University Gerrit Smith Miller Papers
Systematic Prejudice
Talbot Ontario Canada
Tax Records
Temperance Convention
Tennessee
Text. of Rev. Wm. Harrison's Sermon at Baptist Church Amherstburg
The Anti-Slavery Vanguard: New Essays on the Abolitionists
The Antislavery Argument
The Barbarism of Slavery
The Blacks in Canada: A History
The Boston Committee in Canada
The Friend of Man
The Fugitive Slave Law and the Detroit River Frontier
The Honorable Elijah Leonard: A Memoir
The Journal of American Folk-Lore
The Liberty Line: The Legend of the Underground Railroad
The Negro in New York
The Negro in the Abolitionist Movement
The Negro Migration to Canada after the Passing of the Fugitive Slave Act
The Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly
The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South
The Provincial Freeman
The Rev. J.W. Loguen as a Slave and as a Freeman
The Story of the Negro: The Rise of the Race from Slavery
The Town of York 1815-1834: A Further Collection of Documents of Early Toronto
The Underground Rail Road: A Record of Facts
The Underground Railroad
The Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom
The Underground Railroad: Legend or Reality?
The Voice of the Fugitive
The Works of Charles Sumner
Things As They Are in America
Thomas Henning
Thomas Nye
Toledo Ohio
Toronto from Trading Post to Great City
Toronto Globe
Toronto Jail
Toronto News of the Week
Toronto Ontario Canada
True Makers of Canada: The Narrative of Gordon Sellar who Emigrated to Canada in 1825
Tubman
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Underground Railroad
Underground Railroad Superintendent
Utica New York
Vienna Austria
Voice of the Fugitive
Voting Records
W.G. Grownlow
W.H. Withrow
W.J. Wintemberg
W.M.G.
Ward
Washington
Wesleyan Methodist Church
West Indies
Whiskey
White Immigration
Wilbur H. Siebert
William Edward Farrison
William H. Allison
WIlliam H. Pease
William Harrison
William L. Marcy
William M. Mitchell
William Still
William Still and the Underground Railroad
William Wells Brown
William Wilberforce
Windsor Anti-Slavery Society
Windsor Herad
Windsor Herald
Windsor Ontario Canada
Yearnings for Freedom
-
https://archives.deerfieldlibrary.org/files/original/e11d5c5ce320e9e23734c8cacfc0a4e3.pdf
7462c46f8a75b523b184ff65b37d222c
PDF Text
Text
Page 1 of 5
x Times Lines
*. f‘Times Lines
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Canadian History (17th to 19th century)
New France/Upper Canada/Canada West/Province Of Ontario
...these times were researched and prepared through the
generousity of the Upper Canada Law Society
Scavmgefjfmn j
'(Pioneers
1604 Mcittieu da Costa is the first known person of African descent to arrive in
Canada. Me sailed with the Champlain-Poulrincourt expedition. His linguistic expertise
made him a valuable member to the crew. Me spoke numerous languages including
Micmac and French and was an interpreter for Champlain. Da Costa was a well educated
individual and was a charier member of Canada’s oldest club, The Order of Canada.
1628
Olivier Le Jenne (a native of Madagascar) is the first known black person to
have lived in Canada. Me came to Canada at the age of seven during the invasion of New
France. He was a slave of British Commander, David Kirk. After a time he was sold to a
Quebec resident who sent him to a school that had been established by a Jesuit priest
named Father Le Jeune. He was later baptized as Olivier Le Jeune. Me died on May 10"\
1654 with status of a freeperson.
Louis XIV sanctioned the longstanding practice of slavery- in New France. Blacks
1709
were among the first pioneers in New France as many of them had been brought as slaves
to fur trading posts and settlements. These black pioneers helped to clear the land and
establish these early posts and settlements.
Treaty of Utrecht is signed. This allows the French territory of Acadia to be
1713
transferred to the British. Settlers, bringing their slaves w ith them from New England,
moved into the area (which was renamed Nova Scotia). Many of these slaves had brought
valuable skills w ith them, learned in Africa, these skilled tradesmen were then sold to
American colonics when their work was no longer needed in Canada. The city of Halifax
was built by the labor of slaves.
1734 A/arie-Joseph Angelique was the slave of a wealthy Montreal merchant. On
April 11, in an drastic act of resistance, she set fire to her masters’ house so that it would
divert attention from her escape. The fire destroyed 46 buildings including the Hotel
Dieu. Once caught she was publicly tortured and hanged.
Britain conquered New France. The slave system, previously established in
1760
Quebec, were continued under British Rule. Although census records had not yet been
established, it is estimated that approximately 500 or 600 slaves lived in Canada during
the 18^ century. These slaves were Blacks and Pawnee Indians.
1775 American Revolution: The British government encouraged colonists to join with
them to fight. For this involvement they promised free land grants and military postings.
Slaves were offered their freedom along with free land and postings. Many joined in the
fight.
After the war, United Umpire Loyalists (URL), as they were now known moved
1783
from America to the Bahamas, Bermuda, the West Indies, East and West Florida and
Canada. Over 30,000 people moved to Nova Scotia and Quebec. The Loyalists were
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Page 2 of 5
comprised of a diverse ethnic makeup (European, British, Aboriginal and Africans). Over
3,000 Black Loyalists (including the famous Black Pioneers, which was an all black
militia unit) received land grants in Canada.
British Act of 1790 allowed new settlers to bring slaves into what was to be
1790
known as Upper Canada for the value of "forty shillings" a person.
1791
1793
Separation of upper and lower provinces into Upper and Lower Canada.
The first Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada. Lieutenant-Colonel John
Graves Simcoe and his wife Elizabeth were
abolitionists who lobbied for the dismantling of slavery
i in Upper Canada. Ironically, 6 of the 16 legislators in
Hf the first Parliament of Upper Canada were slave
mH owners.
John Graves Simcoe, First Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada Founder of
Toronto (Portrait by Jean Laurent Mosnier)
ChiefJustice Osgoode drafted a bill which was intended to contain slavery in
1793
Upper Canada. The first Parliament of the Province of Upper Canada passed the
legislation the Statute of 1793. This statute prohibited the importation of slaves into
Upper Canada. It is considered the first specific human rights law in the British Empire to
address the institute of slavery. Although the law did not abolish slavery in Upper Canada
it did allow the children of the then slaves to be freed at the age of twenty-five.
1803
William Osgoode while Chief Justice of Lower Canada (named in 1793)
spearheaded the historic decision that slavery was inconsistent with British Law.
Although the judgement did not legally abolish slavery, over 300 slaves were set free in<
Lower Canada. This judgement let slave owners that Canada was inhospitable towards
slavery and a clear anti-slavery foundation began to be established.
During the War of 1812 man Blacks fought alongside of the British, in Black
1812
militia units. When the war ended, Sir Peregrine Maitland, the Lieutenant-Governor of
Upper Canada, offer land grants to the Black veterans and refugees. This settlement was
formed on what is Oro township today.
Upper Canada’s Attorney General, John Beverly Robinson, declared that Blacks who
resided on Canadian soil would be free. He also promised that Canadian courts would
uphold that freedom. Soon American Blacks began to hear that they loo could bo lrcc in
Canada and would be protected under British Law. Canada began to be viewed as a safe
haven.
182(1
It is believed that the Underground Railroad (UGR) movement began by a group
of Pennsylvania Quakers in 1804. During the 1800s many people, who opposed slavery,
had formed a complicated system of networks and escape routes. These routes led to
freedom in Canada. By 1820, the escape routes of this system were firmly established
throughout the United Stales. During the 1830’s and 40’s many UGR terminals and
stations had been set up in Canada. It is estimated that approximately 30,000 Blacks came
across the border in the early and mid 1800's. Many of these Blacks (Fugitive Slaves and
Free Blacks) did not use this underground system, escaping by themselves to freedom in
Canada.
1830
Josiah Henson, his w ife and four children escaped to Canada on October 2S1*1.
v.. 1&30 through the UGR. Josiah and his family remained
_
Canada, where today there is a historical site. Many
newcomers found comfort at the Dawn settlement
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established in part by Josiah. In 1852 Unde Tom's Cabin written bv Harriet Beecher
Stowe, was published. It is believed that the life of Josiah was the template for the book.
This famous book inspired numerous individuals to join the abolitionist cause.
Josiah Henson & his wife (Photo Credit:: Metropolitan Toronto Library Board)
1833
The British Imperial Act of 1833 was passed ending slavery throughout the
British Umpire. This act caused the largest influx of Blacks arriving into Canada West
during 1830 and 1860. It is estimated that approximately 30 to 50 ,000 moved to Canada
during this period.
Mackenzie Rebellion: The government of Upper Canada enrolled Blacks in all
1837
Black Militia units., i.e. Runcheys Rangers. However, enterprising Blacks forged their
own militia unit before enlisted by the government. They formed groups like Captain
Caldwell’s Coloured Volunteers.
Anderson R. Abbott, a surgeon, soldier, poet and educator was bom in Toronto. He
became the first Canadian Black doctor. Black men were awarded the right to vote.
Women could not.
There w ere a number of boats on the Great Lakes that assisted the abolitionist
1842
cause. Often they gav e free passage to fugitive slaves. William Wells Brown, a former
slave and owner of a number of boats, brought 69 slaves into Canada from May to
December.
A fugitive slave Nelson Hackett is forced to return to his master and the United States.
This ignited the abolitionist cause further and was a highly publicized event.
1849
Harriet Tubman escaped from slavery around this lime period. She was to
become one of the most famous Underground
railroad operators. It is believed that she
returned into the United States over 19 times
to help over 300 slaves escape. Her name and
activities were so well known that a $40,000
bounty was established by angry slave
owners. Tubman resided in St. Catharines,
Ontario for over eight years. The town was
an important location for the UGR as citizens
were empathclic to the abolitionist cause. She
was considered a military and logistics
genius. At the start of the American Civil
War, she was recruited to act as a spy for the
Union Army.
Harriet Tubman & her charges (Photo
Credit:Metropolitan Toronto Library Board)
1850
U.S. Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Act which spearheaded an exodus of
Free Blacks and fugitive slaves into Canada. The Act threatened the safety of free Blacks
who lived in the Northern Free Slates. It enabled them to be captured and sold back into
slavery.
The Common Schools Act is passed in Canada West. This piece of legislation sanctioned
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Times Lines
ihe racial separation of schools lor Blacks and Whites. Black parents protested by
establishing their own religious based schools for their children. The practice of racial
segregation continued into the early 1900's in many areas throughout Canada West.
The Toronto Anti-Slaveit Society was formed. The first meeting was held at the
1851
St. Lawrence Hall in Toronto. Ironically this location was used previously for slave
auctions. George Brown of the Globe was one of the founding members Of the society.
Extremely influencial, he was an abolitionist who helped to make Toronto a hotbed for
the anti-slavery cause. Toronto, the only area not to segregate its schools by race,
influenced the surrounding areas with its anti-racist sentiments.
1852
•;i-
rY.v".
liemy Bibb published and distributed The Anti-Slave iv Harp ,a collection of
popular anti-slavery songs in Windsor, Ontario. Henry and Maty
Bibb established the Voice ofthe Fugitive Canada's first anti-slavery
^•mewspaper.
V*--m '
. ..
■.
Henry Bibb (Photo Credit: Ontario Department of Travel &
publicity)
,r
1853 The Provincial Freeman, an anti-slavery newspaper was started in Windsor,
Ontario. Maty Ann Shadd is believed to be the first Black female newspaper editor in
North America.
1855
The first black lawyer was called to the bar in 1855. Through the research of
flgjjp|§l&fhe Law Society of Upper Canada in 1992 it was discovered that
m&Robert Sutherland was actually the first black lawyer and not Delos
1/toge.s/ Davis as was previously believed.
■rsm
[,\ lary Ann Shadd Cary (Photo Credit: Daniel G. Hill)
tjj
Dr. Alexander Milton Ross, a physician, ornithologist and abolitionist helped
hundreds of slaves escape to freedom. Under the guise of searching
for rare birds he traveled extensively throughout the American
south where he aided slaves escape to Canadian via the
Underground Railroad.
;
%
■ • ’ • Hr. Alexander Milton Ross (Photo Credit:Metropolitan Toronto
Ubrary Board)
1856 Major Martin Delany, M.D. was die first black to graduate in medicine from
Harvard University. He was successful in bringing the 1856 cholera epidemic under
control in the city of Chatham, Ontario.
1858
American abolitionist John Brown met his contemporaries in Chatham, Ontario
to plan his attack on Harper's Ferry in Virginia. In may of 1859 the
attack failed and John Brown was tried for high treason. He was
found guilty and hanged. He became a martyr for the abolitionist
cause and was revered by abolitionists on both sides of the border.
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�Page 5 of 5
Times Lines
John Brown (Photo Credit: Metropolitan Toronto Library Board)
1859
Abraham Shadd was the first Black Canadian to be elected to public office.
I860
It is estimated that there were between 30,000 to 50,000 people of African
descent in Canada.
1861 Anderson Ruffin Abbott became the first Canadian bom Black doctor. During the
American Civil War he was one of eight black surgeons to work with the union army.
1862
At the outbreak of the American Civil War many of the Americans who had
earlier escaped to Canada returned to the United Stales to help fight in the war. This
caused a major reduction of Blacks residing in the Province.
1886
Delois Davis became the second black lawyer in Upper Canada. He was
admitted to the Law Society of Upper Canada on May 19. 1885 and was called to be bar
on November 15,i\ 1886. Although he completed his law studies at the University of
Toronto, he could not find a law firm to article with. He was appointed to Kings Counsel
in 1910. His son Frederick Davis became Ontario’s second black lawyer in 1900. Father
and son set up the practice Davis and Davis in Amherslburg, Ontario.
At the age of 51, William Hubbard entered civic politics in Toronto. He was the
1893
first alderman to be elected in his Ward (4). He was reelected even' year for the next 13
years. Between 1904 and 1907 he was on the Board of Control as Vice Chairman and
acted as Deputy Mayor.
Home page | All About Us | Books/Suggested Reading | Scaven^rJUum. I Oenealogy | Tip and Techniques
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Material Copyright ® 2000 Carl
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2/8/02
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Lyman Wilmot House
Description
An account of the resource
This collection consists of records related to the Deerfield Public Library's research into whether or not the Wilmot house could be proved to have been a stop on the Underground Railroad.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Deerfield Public Library
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Deerfield Public Library
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Deerfield Public Library
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2002
Language
A language of the resource
English
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
DPL.0013
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Time Lines: Canadian History (17th to 19th Century) New France / Upper Canada / Canada West / Province of Ontario
Description
An account of the resource
Printout from webpage of a timeline of Canadian history focusing on New France, Upper Canada, Canada West, and Ontario. Some highlighting.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Upper Canada Law Society
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
Accessed 02/08/2002
Language
A language of the resource
English
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
DPL.0013.035
Abolitionism
Abolitionist
Abraham Shadd
Acadia Canada
Africa
African American Loyalists
African American Slaves
African Canadian Doctors
African Canadian Refugees
African Canadian Suffrage
African Canadian Veterans
Alexander Milton Ross
American Civil War
American Colonies
American Revolution
Amherstburg Ontario
Anderson R. Abbott
Anderson Ruffin Abbott
Anti-Slavery Newspapers
Bahamas
Bermuda
Black Pioneers Militia Unit
British Act of 1790
British Army Black Militia Units
British Empire
British Empire Abolition of Slavery
British Imperial Act of 1833
British Law
British Rule of Canada
Canada
Canada West
Canadian Abolishment of Slavery
Canadian Civic Politics
Canadian History
Canadian Segregation
Canadian Slavery
Canadian Slavery Statutes
Canadian Statute of 1793
Captain Caldwell's Coloured Volunteers
Champlain-Poutrincourt Expedition
Chatham Ontario Canada
Chief Justice of Lower Canada
Chief Justice Osgoode
Cholera
Common Schools Act
Daniel G. Hill
David Kirk
Davis and Davis
Dawn Settlement Canada
Delois Davis
Delos Rogest Davis
East Florida
Elizabeth Graves Simcoe
Father Le Juene
Florida
Frederick Davis
French Language
Fugitive Slave Act
Fur Trade
George Brown
Great Lakes
Halifax Nova Scotia
Harper's Ferry
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Harriet Tubman
Harvard University
Henry Bibb
Hotel Dieu
Human Rights Laws
John Beverly Robinson
John Brown
John Graves Simcoe
Josiah Henson
Kings Counsel
Law Society of Upper Canada
Louis XIV
Lower Canada
Loyalists
Mackenzie Rebellion
Madagascar
Marie-Joseph Angelique
Martin Delany
Mary Ann Shadd
Mary Bibb
Mattieu da Costa
Metropolitan Toronto Library Board
Micmac Language
Montreal Quebec Canada
Nelson Hackett
New England
New France
Nova Scotia Canada
Oliver Le Jeune
Ontario Canada
Ontario Department of Travel and Publicity
Ornithologist
Oro Township Canada
Pawnee Native American Slaves
Pawnee Native American Tribe
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Quakers
Peregrine Maitland
Physician
Printout
Provincial Freeman
Quebec Canada
Robert Sutherland
Runcheys Rangers
Samuel de Champlain
St. Catharines Ontario Canada
St. Lawrence Hall
The Anti-Slavery Harp
The Order of Canada
Timelines
Toronto Alderman
Toronto Anti-Slavery Society
Toronto Board of Control
Toronto Deputy Mayor
Toronto Globe
Toronto Ontario Canada
Treaty of Utrecht
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Underground Railroad
Underground Railroad Operators
Union Army
Union Army Spies
Union Army Surgeons
United Empire Loyalists
United States Congress
University of Toronto
Upper Canada
Upper Canada Attorney General
Upper Canada Law Society
Upper Canada Lieutenant Governor
Upper Canada Parliament
Virginia
Voice of the Fugitive
War of 1812
Website
West Florida
West Indies
William Hubbard
William Osgoode
William Wells Brown
Windsor Ontario Canada
-
https://archives.deerfieldlibrary.org/files/original/6ca300ea2ec6d27f9cdeff8c2f35e22a.pdf
a5669fd050a86a64821f5e500ac1b94c
PDF Text
Text
Out
To: buxton@ciaccess.com
Subject: local historical research
Page 1 of 1
a. J (? jo 2, &Q. i. dC~
Can you please check your files to see if you can find any reference confirming the existence
of a "Andrew Jackson" from Mississippi who passed through Deerfield, Illinois on the
Underground
Railroad circa 1858-1860? We are trying to confirm a local story that says Deerfield
abolitionist Lyman Wilmot arranged for him to live with and work for the Lorenz Ott family one
winter until he could head north to Canada in the spring. That family received one letter saying
he had arrived safely, but that was the last they heard of him. Unfortunately, we do not know if
"Andrew Jackson" was his real name. There is a fugitive narrative by someone else with the
same name written earlier (1847) but that person was from Kentucky and the circumstances
do not seem to match our fugitive's, who was supposed to have been the son of a white
master and a black slave.
I tried to search the list of names on your web site, the one following the list of families, but
all I got was the message "not found" for the link to the "persons" - perhaps you can search
this a different way?
Also, if you have any other suggestions, we would appreciate it. Thank you.
Sincerely, C.H. Wargo, Reference Librarian
Printed for Deerfield Public Library Reference <dfrefdesk@nslsilus.org>
2/6/02
�http://www.ciaccess.com/~jdnewby/sumames_found.htm
urnames Found in BME Cemetery
*. .
buxton Thenational
historic site & museum
Buxton (Elgin) Settlement - A Cultural Landscape
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(5897-bytes)
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Buxton
Website by
JDXF.IVBY
Surnames found in the
I British Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery
Taken from transcriptions courtesy of Kent Genealogical Society and the Ccmctary Board
Print This Page?
Anderson
Banister
Bell
B inford
Black
Brooks
Brown
Burfit
Burke
Burse
Burton
Calendar
Carter
Chase
Chavis
Collins
Cooper
Cosby
Craig
Cronan
Cromwell
Cronan
Crosby
Crosswhight
Drake
Doo
Doston
Drys
Dyke
Ellezy
Enos
Evans
Freeman
Garel
Givens
Gray
Griffin
Griffith
Groce
Gunn
Harden
Harding
Harris
Harrison
Hawkins
Hicks
Hooper^
JacksorD
Johnson
Johnston
Jones
Kersey
Lawson
Lewis
Malone
Malott
Martin
Matthews
Middleton
Miller
Moore
Morris
Morton
Newby
Nuby
Owens
Park
Parker
Parsons
Patton
Peaker
Peker
Pierce
Poindexter
Prince
Redding
Rice
Richardson
Riddle
Robbins
Robinson
Ross
Sanders
Scott
Segee
Shadd
Short
Shreve
Simms
Smith
Steele
Thomas
Timbers
Toyer
Travis
Tyler
Vincent
Walker
Watts
Webb
White
Wilson
Zebbs
hr$f lb^rllSouA O'*™.
GUC0 A
1 ofl
(fno>
^
2/6/02 2:42 PM
�background
http://www.ciacccss.com/~jdncwby/backgrou.htm
buxton national historic site & museum
The Buxton (Elgin) Settlement - A Cultural Landscape,
Background
jnfonnation
History
Events
Contributions
Interactive Pages
External Links
Newsletters Etc
Gifts Books Etc
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‘•Hr ssmrnxi
Herrtege Tour
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Buxton
THIS MUSEUM, officially opened in 1967. was Raleigh Township’s Centennial Project as a memorial to the Elgin
Settlement, haven for the fugitives of the American system of slavery in the pre-Civil War years.
THE ELGIN SETTLEMENT, which was for many the last stop on the Underground Railroad, was founded in 1849. Under
the guidance and supervision of Rev. William King, litis historic Black settlement soon nourished, becoming a self sufficient
community of some 1200 to 2000 persons. Its first school, the Buxton Mission School, soon surpassed its neighbours in
academic achievements. The settlement built around an agricultural economy included many thriving businesses owned and
operated by the settlers, such a saw and grist mill, a potash and pearlash factors', a brick yard, hotel, blacksmith shop, and dry
goods store, among others. Part of the success of many of the early inhabitants was assisted by the fact that the employment
opportunities offered by the construction of the cross-Canada railway enabled them to purchase outright the land they had
settled. And their many achievements were enhanced by the emphasis they placed on quality education for themselves and
their children.
THE SECOND SCHOOL, set up in the northern end of the settlement now functions as part of the museum. The tlirce
churches built during the settlement’s early years still serve this community. The road and drainage systems built by the early
settlers still serve the widespread farming area.
FOLLOWING THE CIVIL WAR and during the period of reconstruction in the States, many of the settlers returned to their
homes in the south to help educate their recently emancipated friends and neighbours.
NOW KNOWN AS BUXTON, the Elgin Settlement is one of the few remaining Black Canadian settlements still in
existence since the pre-Civil War era. It is a community which has, to a large extent, preserved the co-operative way of life
with which it was begun.
THE OLD SCHOOL (1861) and cemetery (1S57) are on the grounds adjacent to the museum. Farm implements and tools of
the times, household good and furnishings, clothing, jewelry, personal belongings of some ofthe original settlers, and much
more, are all displayed to bring to life the era of the nourishing Elgin Settlement. A part of history gone but not forgotten.
Website by
JDNEWBY
The Museum is maintained through grants from the Municipality of Chatham - Kent, and the Ontario Ministry of Culture
and Communication, admission fees, and donations.
Facilities include a large picnic shelter and barbecue, washrooms, a wheelchair access ramp to the museum and plenty of free
parking Of special note is the Research Area which contains resource materials pertaining to local history and genealogy.
North Buxton Today is inhabited, for the most part, by descendants of those original settlers who elected to remain in
Canada. Though no longer the nourishing community it once was, it still remains a vital and active Black Canadian village,
which continues to remember and preserve its role, and its roots in North American Black history and in the history of
Canada. In 1964 these descendants petitioned the Raleigh Township Council to allow them to use the grants provided for
Centennial projects by the Federal and Provincial Governments. Raleigh's share of the money that had to be raised was raised
entirely within the village of North Buxton, through the efforts of the villagers.
THE MUSEUM'S PRIME CONCERN, is the preservation of material and artifacts of Raleigh, with special emphasis on the
history and accomplishments of the original settlers in the Elgin Settlement and their descendants. Among oilier things, it
houses the bed, dresser, diary and copies of'papers belonging to Rev. William King as well as many other articles and papers
of historical significance in this community.
SINCE 1972, RESEARCH has been carried out on the families of Buxton. Most of the people of the Elgin Settlement have
been identified and indexed and considerable other information is now available in the museum, in forms of records and
family trees. Although the research has been done mainly on Elgin Settlement people, it was inevitable that it would extend
into other areas as well. If you are looking for your "roots", we may have a piece of the puzzle.
THE BUXTON HISTORIC SITE & MUSEUM now includes a well-stocked research library, a cultural room where the
works of several Black artists of local origins are on display, and where video presentations detailing the area can be viewed
by appointment.
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Research Materials
Some Huxton Names
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buxtort national historic site & museum
The Buxton (Elgin) Settlement - A Cultural Landscape
Reference Library
This list contains many but not all ofthe resources availablefor the visitor to the museum.
This list was compiled by a summer student n'orking at the museum in the summer of1996.
In addition to the materialsfound here are genealogical records ofmost Buxtonfamilies.
Search this site!
Use your browser's find or search function to see if we have the material you are looking for.
j Search
Tf+tysUf*.
cxm-wi
Heritage Tour
A
Abdull, Raoul, ed. The Magic of Black Poetry.
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African Cultural Heritage. Michigan 4-H Youth Programs. Cooperative Extension Service.
Send Mail to
Buxton
African Culture Series: Native Musical Instruments.
Detroit: Children's Museum, Detroit Public Schools. Children's Book.
Website by
JDXEIVBY
Albert, Frances Jacob, ed. Sod House Memories: A Treasury of Soddy Stories. 1972.
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Apostle: British Methodist Episcopal Church.
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January 1977, Vol. 1, No.2
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Ministry of Citizenship and Culture. Heritage: Giving Our Past a Future.
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Detroit's Black Heritage., .a partial guide to people and places significant in the history of Detroit
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Elgin Settlement: First Settler Records.
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Epstein, Sam and Beryl. George Washington Carver, Negro Scientist: A Discovery Book.
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Fast, Howard. Freedom Road. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce Publishers, 1944.
Chatham Welcomes Fergie Home. Subject: Fergie Jenkins.
Fitzhugh, Louise. Nobody's Family is Going to Change.
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Fraser, Anne. The Blacks of Niagara Falls 1850 - 1989. B.A. Thesis.
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French, Gary E. Men of Colour: An Historical Account of the Black Settlement on Wilberforce
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Orillia: Dyment-Slubley Printers, 1978. 2 copies.
From Slaveiy to Freedom...an essay in progress.
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Gaines, Ernest J. The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman.
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Goss, Linda and Marian E. Barnes, eds. Talk That Talk: An Anthology of African American
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Storytelling.
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Graham, Shirley. Booker T. Washington : Educator of Hand, Head, and Heart.
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H
Hamil, Fred Coyne. The Valley of the Lower Thames 1640 - 1850 .
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Head, Wilson A. Ontario Human Rights Commission. The Black Presence in the Canadian
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Henle, Fritz, photographer. Virgin Islands. Text by Vivienne Tallal Winterry.
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Henson, Josiah. The Life of Josiah Henson, Formerly a Slave. Boston: Arthur D. Phelps, 1949.
Hill, Daniel G. Human Rights in Canada: A Focus on Racism.
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I
International Library of Negro Life and History.
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"The History of the Negro in Medicine," by Herbert M. Morais.
" Negro Americans in the Civil War," by Charles Wesley and Patricia W. Romero.
"Anthology of the American Negro in the Theatre," by Lindsay Patterson.
"The Negro in Music and Art," by Lindsay Patterson.
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Jackson, Dave and Nela. Escape From the Slave Traders.
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Katz, Bernard, ed. The Social Implications of Early Negro Music in the United States: With Over
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Ladd, Glen. Gleanings From the Glen. 1974.
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Lauriston, Victor. Romantic Kent: The Story of a County 1626 - 1952.
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Lyman Wilmot House
Description
An account of the resource
This collection consists of records related to the Deerfield Public Library's research into whether or not the Wilmot house could be proved to have been a stop on the Underground Railroad.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Deerfield Public Library
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Deerfield Public Library
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Deerfield Public Library
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2002
Language
A language of the resource
English
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
DPL.0013
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Local Historical Research
Description
An account of the resource
Printout of email from the Deerfield Public Library to the Buxton National Historic Site with an information request for Andrew Jackson; printouts from website for the Buxton National Historic Site with highlighting and handwritten notes related to Andrew Jackson.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Wargo, Cindy H.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Buxton National Historic Site
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
02/06/2002
Language
A language of the resource
English
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
DPL.0013.036
A Gallery of Harlem Portraits
A Heritage: A Congregational History Bleheim United Church
A History of Dresden
A Living History: Voices of the Past Speak to the Present
A Magazine of Negro Comment
A North-Side View of Slavery - The Refugee
A Pictoral History of the Negro in America
A Plea for Emigration: Notes on Canada West
A Rage for Order: Black-White Relations in the American South Since Emancipation
A Review of Contemporary Photography in Canada
A Traveler's Guide to Two Cities: Boston and New Orleans
A.C. Robbins
Abraham Lincoln
Adrienne Shadd
Adventures of an African Slaver
Africa Publications Trust
African American Genealogical Sourcebook
African Cultural Heritage
African Culture Series: Native Musical Instruments
African Journey
Agricultural Economy
Alex Haley
Alfred E. Cain
All Around the Square: Feliciana and East and West Feliciana Parishes
American Black Women in the Arts and Sciences: A Bibliographic Survey
American Civil War
American Reconstruction Era
American Visions: The Magazine of Afro-American Culture
Amherstburg Ontario Canada
Amherstburg Regular Missionary Baptist Association: Its Auxiliaries and Churches
Amos Fortune Free Man
AMS Press
An Enduring Heritage: Black Contributions to Early Ontario
An Epic of Heroism: The Underground Railroad in Michigan 1837-1870
Anderson
Andrew Jackson
Ann Grifalconi
Anne Fraser
Anne Straith Jamieson
Anthology of the American Nego in the Theatre
Archives of Ontario
Arno Press
Arthur D. Phelps
Arthur L. Tolson
Artis Lane
Autobiography of Rev. William King and Supplementary Papers
Baltimore Maryland
Banister
Bantam Books
Barbara McCall
Barbara Summers
Barnwell Mabel and Bernice Peacock Biographical Index
Basil Mathews
Beacon Press
Before the Mayflower: The History of the Negro in America 1619-1964
Bell
Benjamin Drew
Bernard Katz
Beryl Epstein
Bethany House Publishers
Bicentennial Collector's Issue
Bill Waddell
Binford
Black
Black Abolitionists in Canada West to 1960
Black Africa: Language and LIterature
Black Americans in Cleveland from George Peake to Carl B. Stokes
Black Heritage Discovery
Black Perspectives on the Bicentennial: Blacks and US Wars
Black Perspectives on the Bicentennial: Economic Progress of Blacks After 200 Years
Black Perspectives on the Bicentennial: The Black Press and the First Amendment
Black Presence in Multi-Ethnic Canada
Black Students in Urban Canada
Black Studies: A Resource Guide for Teachers
Blacks in Detroit: A Reprint of Articles from the Detroit Free Press
Blaine Ethridge Books
Booker T. Washington
Booker T. Washington: Educator of Hand Head and Heart
Boston Massachusetts
Brian Lanker
British Methodist Episcopal Church
Brock University
Brooks
Brown
Bryan E. Walls
Burfit
Burke
Burse
Burton
Buxton Cemetery
Buxton Churches
Buxton Mission School
Buxton National Historic Site
Buxton National Historic Site and Museum
Buxton National Historic Site Reference Library
Buxton National Historic Site Research Area
Buxton Old School
Buxton Settlement Canada
Buxton the Liberator
Calendar
Calvin W. Ruck
Canada
Canada Historic Sites and Monuments Board
Canadian Canaan: A History of Black Baptists in Ontario
Canadian Federal Government
Canadian Government
Canadian History
Canadian Medical Association Journal
Canadian Negro Women's Association
Canadian Negro Women's Association Incorporated
Canadian Provincial Government
Carib-Can Publishers
Carl B. Stokes
Carl E. James
Carl Owens
Carrie M. Best
Carter
Case Studies
Charles L. Blockson
Charles Wesley
Charlesbridge Publishing
Charlotte Bronte Perry
Charro Press Incorporated
Chase
Chatham Ontario Canada
Chatham Welcomes Fergie Home
Chatham-Kent Municipality
Chavis
Chester County Pennsylvania
Chicago Illinois
Cindy H. Wargo
Clarion Publishing Company
Clarke Irwin and Company
Cleveland Ohio
Cobblehill Books
Colin McFarquhar
Collins
Columbia Missouri
Community Action Programs
Connecticut
Cooper
Cooperative Extension Service
Cooperstown New York
Copp Clark Publishing Company
Cornan
Corners of Black History
Cosby
Craig
Cromwell
Cronan
Crosby
Crosswhight
Crown Publishers Incorporated
D. Reidel Publishing Company
Dane Burr
Daniel G. Hill
Dave Jackson
Dead End School
Deerfield Illinois
Deerfield Public Library
Deerfield Public Library Reference Desk
Dell Publishing Company Incorporated
Denver Colorado
Derrydale Books
Detroit Black Historic Sites
Detroit Children's Museum
Detroit Free Press
Detroit Historical Department
Detroit Historical Museum
Detroit Historical Museum Black Historic Sites Committee
Detroit Michigan
Detroit News
Detroit Public Schools
Detroit's Black Heritage
Diana L. Spencer
Dick Frank
Donald George Simpson
Doo
Dood Mead and Company
Doris Parkin Keil
Dorothy Inborden Miller
Dorothy Shadd Shreve
Doston
Doubleday and Company Incorporated
Down Our Road: Written for the Charing Cross Centennial 1973
Drake
Dred: A Tale of the Dismal Swamp
Dresden Ontario Canada
Dresden Times
Drys
Duell Sloan and Pearce Publishers
Dundurn Press Limited
Dyke
Dyment-Stubley Printers
Ebony Magazine
Edmonton Alberta Canada
Educational Heritage Incorporated
Edwards Printing Company
Elgin School
Elgin Settlement
Elgin Settlement Canada
Elizabeth M. Turner
Elizabeth Yates
Ellezy
Elton C. Fax
Email
Emancipation Festivities and Program
Englewood Cliffs
Enid D'Oyley
Enos
Ernest J. Gaines
Escape from Slavery: The Underground Railroad
Escape from the Slave Traders
Eslanda Goode Robeson
Essence Magazine
Evans
Eyewitness: The Negro in American History
F. Hubner and Company Incorporated
F.A. Robinson
Fergie Jenkins
Ferguson Jenkins
Fifty Mighty Men
First Settler Records
Folders of Articles about the Artist and Reproductions of Her Work
Frances Cloud Taylor
Frances Jacob Albert
Frank L. Morris
Frank W. Anderson
Fred Coyne Hamil
Freedmen's Inquiry Commission
Freedom Road
Freeman
Fritz Henle
Fritz Kredel
From Slavery to Freedom
Fund for New Priorities in America
G.C. Porter
Gale Genealogy and Local History Series
Gale Research Incorporated
Garden City Publishing Company Incorporated
Garel
Garrard Publishing Company
Gary E. French
Genealogical Reference Data
George H. Doran Company
George Peake
George Vass
George W. Pattison
George Washington Carver
George Washington Carver Negro Scientist: A Discovery Book
Ghana
Givens
Gleanings from the Glen
Glen Ladd
Glenette Tilley Turner
Grant MacEwan
Gray
Green Book
Griffin
Griffith
Groce
Gunn
Gwendolyn Robinson
Halifax Nova Scotia
Hamilton Ontario Canada
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
Harden
Harding
Harlem New York City
Harper's Ferry
Harried Beecher Stowe
Harris
Harrison
Harvey Wish
Hastings House
Hawkins
Henry Regnery Company
Herbert M. Morais
Heritage: Giving Our Past a Future
Hickman Printing Incorporated
Hicks
Hilda Dungy
Hiram Walker and Sons Limited
Historical Negro Biographies
History of Public General Hospital School of Nursing
Hooper
Howard Fast
Huckleberry Finn
Human Relations: The Right to Live in Dignity
Human Rights in Canada: A Focus on Racism
Hutchison and Company Limited
I Dream a World: Portrais of Black Women Who Changed America
If This is the Time
Illinois
Impact Enterprises Incorporated
International Library of Negro Life and History
International Prince Hall Day
International Review of African American Art
Isidre Mones
J. Carlyle Parker
J. Earl Burr
J.A. Griffin
J.A. Mitton
J.A. Rogers
J.B. Pole Printing
Jackson
James C. Curtis
James W. Walker
Jane Pittman
Jennie Johnson
Jerry Blocker
Jesse Jackson
Jesse!? Jackson's Surprising Surge
Jet Magazine
Jim Bearden
Joel Williamson
John Brown
John Brown Forte
John Brown's Body
John Lutman
John Oliver Killens
John P. Jewett
John P. Jewett and Company
John W. Robinson
Johnson
Johnson Publishing Company Incorporated
Johnston
Jones
Jordan Station
Josiah Henson
Josten's Publications
Julian Messner
Karel F. Ruzicka
Karen L. Jefferson
Katherine Roundtree
Kennett Square Pennsylvania
Kent County Ontario
Kent County Ontario Marriage Registers
Kentucky
Kersey
L. Douglas Wilder
Langston Hughes
Laura Rosenthal
Lawrence Hill
Lawson
Legacy to Buxton
Legacy: Newsletter of the Archives of Ontario
Leon F. Litwack
Lerone Bennett Jr.
Levero Lee Carter
Lewis
Lewis L. Gould
Library Service for Genealogists
Like Nobody Else: The Fergie Jenkins Story
Lillie Patterson
Linda Goss
Linda Jean Butler
Lindsay Patterson
Local History
London England
Look to the North Star
Lorenz Ott
Lorraine Monk
Louise Fitzhugh
Lyman Wilmot
Macleans
Madrue Chavers-Wright
Makin' Free: African-Americans in the Northwest Territory
Malone
Malott
Mamie Austin Rouzan
Marian E. Barnes
Marion Matt
Mark Twain
Markham Illinois
Martin
Martin A. Delany
Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin Luther King Jr. To The Mountaintop
Martin Luther King Jr.: Man of Peace
Marvelous Michael Jackson: An Unauthorized Biography
Mary A. Shadd
Mary Ann Shadd
Mary C. Mallory
Mary E. Hatter Quinn
Mary McLoughlin
Mary Shadd Cary
MAtthews
Maya Angelou
McMaster Divinity College
Melfort and District Golden Jubilee Committee
Melvin Tolson
Men of Colour: An Historical Account of the Black Settlement on Wilberforce Street and in Oro Township
Michael Semak
Michigan
Michigan 4-H Youth Programs
Michigan Department of Education
Michigan Department of Education Office for Sex Equity
Middleton
Miller
Milton Meltzer
Minneapolis Minnesota
Mississippi
Montreal Quebec Canada
Moore
Morris
Morton
Murder Clues from the Black Museum
Musical Buxton
My Life
My Search for Roots: A Black American's Story
Nat Brandt
National Geographic
National Museums of Canada
National Urban League
Native Son
NC Press Limited
Negro Americans in the Civil War
Negro Digest
Negro Heritage Reader for Young People
Negroes in Ontario From Early Times to 1870
Neta Jackson
New Jersey
New Orleans Louisiana
New York
New York Times
Newby
Niagara Falls Ontario Canada
Niagara Tourist Council
Niagara's Freedom Trail: A Guide to African-Canadian History on the Niagara Peninsula
Nimbus Publishing Limited
Nobody's Family is Going to Change
Nora S. Unwin
Norman McRae
Norman Rockwell
North American Black History
North Buxton Ontario Canada
North of Slavery: The Negro in the Free States 1790-1860
Nova Scotia Canada
Nova Scotia Human Rights Commission
Nuby
Nurses' Alumnae Association
O.P. Anderson
Oberlin Community History
Oberlin Ohio
Ohio
Oklahoma
Olive Publishing Company Limited
On Black History: Nova Scotia - A Pictoral
One Man's Journey: Roy Prince Edward Perry 1905-1972
Ontario Black History Society
Ontario Black History Society Annual Report
Ontario Genealogical Society
Ontario Genealogical Society Kent County Branch
Ontario Heritage Foundation
Ontario Heritage Policy Review
Ontario Human Rights Code and Age Discrimination Act
Ontario Human Rights Commission
Ontario Ministry of Citizenship and Culture
Ontario Ministry of Culture and Communication
Ontario Ministry of Culture and Communications
Ontario Ministry of Education
Ontario: An Informal History of Its Land and Its People
Ora WIlliams
Orillia Ontario Canada
Oro Township Canada
Our North Buxton Heritage: Mary E. Hatter Quinn Memorial
Owen A. Thomas
Owen Burey
Owens
Oxford University Press
P.W. Chavers
Paideia Press
Park
Parker
Parsons
Pathfinders of Liberty and Truth
Patricia W. Romero
Patton
Paul LeClair
Paula K. Byers
Peaker
Pearl Bailey
Pearl's Kitchen: An Extraordinary Cookbook
Peker
Pelican Books
Pennsylvania
People Magazine
Petr Zima
Pierce
Pitman Publishing Corporation
Planted by the Waters: A Genealogy of the Jones-Carter Family
Poindexter
Prentice-Hall
Prince
Printout
Prospective Sites Relating to Black History in Canada
R and S Publishers
R.H. Mottram
Raleigh Ontario Canada
Raleigh Township Canada
Raleigh Township Centennial Project
Raleigh Township Council
Raleigh Township Statute Labour 1838-1847
Raoul Abdull
Reader's Digest
Redbook
Redding
Refugees From Slavery in Canada West
Reginald Larrie
Reginald Witherspoon
Reidmore Books
Rella Braithwaite
Rice
Richard Wright
Richardson
Riddle
Robbins
Robert Brandon
Robert Choquette
Robert Coles
Robert Ewell Greene
Robert M. Farnsworth
Roberta Hughes Wright
Robin Breon
Robinson
Roger Riendeau
Romantic Kent: The Story of a County 1626-1952
Roots
Roots: Back to Africa with an Embattled Alex Haley
Roots: Part II
Ross
Ruby Zagoren
Russell H. Davis
S.G. Howe
Sam Epstein
Samella Lewis
Samuel L. Clemens
Sanders
Sara Bonnett Stein
Saskatoon Canada
Scott
Scott McGehee
Seek the Truth; A Story of Chatham's Black Community
Segee
Shadd
Shadd: The Life and Times of Mary Shadd Cary
Shirley Graham
Short
Shreve
Simcoe County Ontario Canada
Simms
Simon and Schuster
Smith
Sod House Memories: A Treasury of Soddy Stories
Sojourners
South Africa
South Africa: Implications for US Policy - A Congressional Conference
South Buxton First Baptist Church
Southern Africa
Sovenier Program: 65th Anniversary of Union United Church
St. Catharines Ontario Canada
Standard Press
Steele
Stephen Vincent Benet
Stewart Tabori and Chang
Sumner Press
Survivors
Susan Watson
Syracuse New York
Syracuse University Press
Talk a Walk in Their Shoes
Talk That Talk: An Anthology of African American Storytelling
Talking About Difference: Encounters in Culture Language and Identity
Thames Arts Centre
That Lonesome Road
That New Baby: An Open Family Book for Parents and Children Together
The AfriCanadian Church: A Stabilizer
The American Negro: A History in Biography and Pictures
The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman
The Banks Legacy: The Chronicles of a Free Negro Family
The Beginnings of Black Nationalism
The Birth of the Montgomery Bus Boycott
The Birthplace of Our Conference: Souvenier Edition
The Black Battalion 1916-1920 Canada's Best Kept Military Secret
The Black Canadians: Their History and Contributions
The Black Experience
The Black Experience in America: Selected Essays
The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone 1782-1870
The Black Oklahomans: A History
The Black Presence in the Canadian Mosaic
The Blacks of Niagara Falls 1850-1989
The Canadian Journal of Canadian Conservation Institute
The Clash of Colour: A Study in the Problem of Race
The Crisis: A Record of the Darker Races
The Danbury Press
The Dipper Stick: A History of Drainage in Kent County Ontario
The Everton Publishers
The Frank Slide Story
The Freedman's Story
The Genealogical Helper: Dedicated to Helping People Find More Genealogy
The Glenn Carrington Collection
The Guarantee-P.W. Chavers; Banker Entrepreneur Philanthropist in Chicago's Black Belt of the Twenties
The History of the Negro in Medicine
The International Year of the Child
The John Day Company
The Leary-Evans: Ohio's Free People of Colour
The Life of Josiah Henson Formerly a Slave
The Longman Group Limited
The Magic of Black Poetry
The Mercury Press
The Model Negro Colony in Kent County
The Modern Library
The Museum of African American History
The National Film Board of Canada
The Negro in Music and Art
The Negro Since Emancipation
The Negro Traveler's Green Book
The New Buxton Experiment
The New Buxton Experiment Internats Project
The North American Black Historical Museum Celebrates the 150th Anniversary of the Abolition of Slavery Act and Ontario's Bicentennial
The Ontario Register
The Ploughboy and the Nightingale
The Progress of a Race and Select Poems
The Road that Led to Somewhere: A Documented Novel About the Underground Railroad
The Saalfield Publishing Company
The Scarecrow Press
The Social Implications of Early Negro Music in the United States
The Sporting News
The Sporting News: Fifty-Second Hall of Fame Induction Ceremonies Annual Program
The Storied Land: Discovering the Heroes Villans Myths and Legends that Shape the Nation
The Story of Mary Ann Shadd
The Town that Started the Civil War
The Trackless Trail: The Story of the Underground Railroad in Kennett Square Chester County Pennsylvania and the Surrounding Community
The Underground Railroad
The Valley of the Lower Thames 1640-1850
Thelma Quinn Smith
Theodore Canot
There is a River: The Black Struggle for Freedom in America
They Chose Greatness: Women Who Shaped America and the World
They Stopped in Oberlin: Black Residents and Visitors of the Nineteenth Century
Thomas
Thomas B. Wilson
Timbers
Time Magazine
Timothy Ryan
Toronto Ontario Canada
Touchstone
Toyer
Traveling by the Book
Travis
Tyler
Umbrella Press
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Underground Railroad
Underground Railroad: Special Resource Study/Management Concepts
United Methodist Church
United Methodist Church Women's Division
United States Department of the Interior
United States National Park Service
University of Chicago
University of Chicago Press
University of Missouri Press
University of Toronto
University of Toronto Press
University of Western Ontario
University of Windsor
Up from Slavery
Uprooting a Nation: The Study of 3 Million Evictions in South Africa
Utah
Vancouver British Columbia Canada
Vancouver Centre for the Study of Curriculum and Instruction
Vancouver Centre for the Study of Curriculum and Instruction Faculty of Education
Vantage Press
Velma Carter
Venture for Freedom
Vera Cudjoe
Victor Lauriston
Victor Ullman
Vincent
Vincent Harding
Virgin Islands
Virginia Governor
Virginia Kroll
Vivian Robbins
Vivienne Tallal Winterry
Vladimir Klima
Voices of the Past: A History of Melfort and District
Walker
Wallaceburg Ontario Canada
Walter Shapiro
Warren Chappell
Washington D.C.
Watertown
Watts
Webb
Website
Weekly Reader Books
Wendy Lee Barry
Western Producer
White
Wilhelmena S. Robinson
William E. Bigglestone
William H. Jackson
William King
William King Letters
William King: Friend and Champion of the Slaves
William Loren Katz
William Moyers
William N.T. Wylie
William Parker
William Roger WItherspoon
William Still
Wilson
Wilson A. Head
Windsor Ontario Canada
Windsorite Reunion Fellowship Banquet Honoree Presentation
Women of Our Times
Women of Vision: The Story of the Canadian Negro Women's Association 1951-1976
Wood-Hoopoe Willie
World's Great Men of Color 3000 BC to 1946 AD
Wright and Potter Printers
Wright-Armstead Associates
Yonkers
Zebbs