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https://archives.deerfieldlibrary.org/files/original/6ca300ea2ec6d27f9cdeff8c2f35e22a.pdf
a5669fd050a86a64821f5e500ac1b94c
PDF Text
Text
Out
To: buxton@ciaccess.com
Subject: local historical research
Page 1 of 1
a. J (? jo 2, &Q. i. dC~
Can you please check your files to see if you can find any reference confirming the existence
of a "Andrew Jackson" from Mississippi who passed through Deerfield, Illinois on the
Underground
Railroad circa 1858-1860? We are trying to confirm a local story that says Deerfield
abolitionist Lyman Wilmot arranged for him to live with and work for the Lorenz Ott family one
winter until he could head north to Canada in the spring. That family received one letter saying
he had arrived safely, but that was the last they heard of him. Unfortunately, we do not know if
"Andrew Jackson" was his real name. There is a fugitive narrative by someone else with the
same name written earlier (1847) but that person was from Kentucky and the circumstances
do not seem to match our fugitive's, who was supposed to have been the son of a white
master and a black slave.
I tried to search the list of names on your web site, the one following the list of families, but
all I got was the message "not found" for the link to the "persons" - perhaps you can search
this a different way?
Also, if you have any other suggestions, we would appreciate it. Thank you.
Sincerely, C.H. Wargo, Reference Librarian
Printed for Deerfield Public Library Reference <dfrefdesk@nslsilus.org>
2/6/02
�http://www.ciaccess.com/~jdnewby/sumames_found.htm
urnames Found in BME Cemetery
*. .
buxton Thenational
historic site & museum
Buxton (Elgin) Settlement - A Cultural Landscape
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(5897-bytes)
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Buxton
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Surnames found in the
I British Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery
Taken from transcriptions courtesy of Kent Genealogical Society and the Ccmctary Board
Print This Page?
Anderson
Banister
Bell
B inford
Black
Brooks
Brown
Burfit
Burke
Burse
Burton
Calendar
Carter
Chase
Chavis
Collins
Cooper
Cosby
Craig
Cronan
Cromwell
Cronan
Crosby
Crosswhight
Drake
Doo
Doston
Drys
Dyke
Ellezy
Enos
Evans
Freeman
Garel
Givens
Gray
Griffin
Griffith
Groce
Gunn
Harden
Harding
Harris
Harrison
Hawkins
Hicks
Hooper^
JacksorD
Johnson
Johnston
Jones
Kersey
Lawson
Lewis
Malone
Malott
Martin
Matthews
Middleton
Miller
Moore
Morris
Morton
Newby
Nuby
Owens
Park
Parker
Parsons
Patton
Peaker
Peker
Pierce
Poindexter
Prince
Redding
Rice
Richardson
Riddle
Robbins
Robinson
Ross
Sanders
Scott
Segee
Shadd
Short
Shreve
Simms
Smith
Steele
Thomas
Timbers
Toyer
Travis
Tyler
Vincent
Walker
Watts
Webb
White
Wilson
Zebbs
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2/6/02 2:42 PM
�background
http://www.ciacccss.com/~jdncwby/backgrou.htm
buxton national historic site & museum
The Buxton (Elgin) Settlement - A Cultural Landscape,
Background
jnfonnation
History
Events
Contributions
Interactive Pages
External Links
Newsletters Etc
Gifts Books Etc
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Search
‘•Hr ssmrnxi
Herrtege Tour
Send Mail to
Buxton
THIS MUSEUM, officially opened in 1967. was Raleigh Township’s Centennial Project as a memorial to the Elgin
Settlement, haven for the fugitives of the American system of slavery in the pre-Civil War years.
THE ELGIN SETTLEMENT, which was for many the last stop on the Underground Railroad, was founded in 1849. Under
the guidance and supervision of Rev. William King, litis historic Black settlement soon nourished, becoming a self sufficient
community of some 1200 to 2000 persons. Its first school, the Buxton Mission School, soon surpassed its neighbours in
academic achievements. The settlement built around an agricultural economy included many thriving businesses owned and
operated by the settlers, such a saw and grist mill, a potash and pearlash factors', a brick yard, hotel, blacksmith shop, and dry
goods store, among others. Part of the success of many of the early inhabitants was assisted by the fact that the employment
opportunities offered by the construction of the cross-Canada railway enabled them to purchase outright the land they had
settled. And their many achievements were enhanced by the emphasis they placed on quality education for themselves and
their children.
THE SECOND SCHOOL, set up in the northern end of the settlement now functions as part of the museum. The tlirce
churches built during the settlement’s early years still serve this community. The road and drainage systems built by the early
settlers still serve the widespread farming area.
FOLLOWING THE CIVIL WAR and during the period of reconstruction in the States, many of the settlers returned to their
homes in the south to help educate their recently emancipated friends and neighbours.
NOW KNOWN AS BUXTON, the Elgin Settlement is one of the few remaining Black Canadian settlements still in
existence since the pre-Civil War era. It is a community which has, to a large extent, preserved the co-operative way of life
with which it was begun.
THE OLD SCHOOL (1861) and cemetery (1S57) are on the grounds adjacent to the museum. Farm implements and tools of
the times, household good and furnishings, clothing, jewelry, personal belongings of some ofthe original settlers, and much
more, are all displayed to bring to life the era of the nourishing Elgin Settlement. A part of history gone but not forgotten.
Website by
JDNEWBY
The Museum is maintained through grants from the Municipality of Chatham - Kent, and the Ontario Ministry of Culture
and Communication, admission fees, and donations.
Facilities include a large picnic shelter and barbecue, washrooms, a wheelchair access ramp to the museum and plenty of free
parking Of special note is the Research Area which contains resource materials pertaining to local history and genealogy.
North Buxton Today is inhabited, for the most part, by descendants of those original settlers who elected to remain in
Canada. Though no longer the nourishing community it once was, it still remains a vital and active Black Canadian village,
which continues to remember and preserve its role, and its roots in North American Black history and in the history of
Canada. In 1964 these descendants petitioned the Raleigh Township Council to allow them to use the grants provided for
Centennial projects by the Federal and Provincial Governments. Raleigh's share of the money that had to be raised was raised
entirely within the village of North Buxton, through the efforts of the villagers.
THE MUSEUM'S PRIME CONCERN, is the preservation of material and artifacts of Raleigh, with special emphasis on the
history and accomplishments of the original settlers in the Elgin Settlement and their descendants. Among oilier things, it
houses the bed, dresser, diary and copies of'papers belonging to Rev. William King as well as many other articles and papers
of historical significance in this community.
SINCE 1972, RESEARCH has been carried out on the families of Buxton. Most of the people of the Elgin Settlement have
been identified and indexed and considerable other information is now available in the museum, in forms of records and
family trees. Although the research has been done mainly on Elgin Settlement people, it was inevitable that it would extend
into other areas as well. If you are looking for your "roots", we may have a piece of the puzzle.
THE BUXTON HISTORIC SITE & MUSEUM now includes a well-stocked research library, a cultural room where the
works of several Black artists of local origins are on display, and where video presentations detailing the area can be viewed
by appointment.
lofl
2/6/02 2:54 PM
�Research Mat
crials
life
Horny
Map lO HllVInn
Research Materials
Some Huxton Names
hltp://\wvw.ciacccss.com/~jdnc\vby/rescarch.htm
buxtort national historic site & museum
The Buxton (Elgin) Settlement - A Cultural Landscape
Reference Library
This list contains many but not all ofthe resources availablefor the visitor to the museum.
This list was compiled by a summer student n'orking at the museum in the summer of1996.
In addition to the materialsfound here are genealogical records ofmost Buxtonfamilies.
Search this site!
Use your browser's find or search function to see if we have the material you are looking for.
j Search
Tf+tysUf*.
cxm-wi
Heritage Tour
A
Abdull, Raoul, ed. The Magic of Black Poetry.
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African Cultural Heritage. Michigan 4-H Youth Programs. Cooperative Extension Service.
Send Mail to
Buxton
African Culture Series: Native Musical Instruments.
Detroit: Children's Museum, Detroit Public Schools. Children's Book.
Website by
JDXEIVBY
Albert, Frances Jacob, ed. Sod House Memories: A Treasury of Soddy Stories. 1972.
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Pathfinders of Liberty and Truth. 1940. 2 copies.
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August 1986. June 1991.
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Anderson, O.P. Harper's Ferry.
Apostle: British Methodist Episcopal Church.
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January 1977, Vol. 1, No.2
April 1977, Vol. 1, No. 2.
May 1978, Vol. 2, No. 2.
November 1978, Vol. 2, No. 3.
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December 1979, Vol. 3, No. 2.
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1981.
B
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Scott McGehee and Susan Watson, eds. December 1980.
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hotels would take you in.
But for the open road, you packed a Green Book." Subject: The Negro Traveler's Green Book.
In The Detroit News: Michigan. 9 October 1988.
On Black History: Nova Scotia - A Pictorial. Halifax: Nova Scotia Human Rights Commission.
The North American Black Historical Museum Celebrates the 150th Anniversary of the Abolition of
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Breon, Robin and Vera Cudjoe. The Story of Mary Ann Shadd.
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Cain, Allred E. Negro Heritage Reader for Young People.
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The Canadian Journal of Canadian Conservation Institute.
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Chavers-Wright, Madrue. The Guarantee - P.W. Chavers: Banker, Entrepreneur Philanthropist in
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Choquette, Robert. Ontario: An Informal History of Its Land and Its People.
Ministry of Education. 2 copies.
Ministry of Citizenship and Culture. An Enduring Heritage: Black Contributions to Early Ontario.
Text prepared by Roger Riendeau. Toronto: Dundum Press Limited, 1984.
Ministry of Citizenship and Culture. Heritage: Giving Our Past a Future.
Ontario Heritage Policy Review. April 1987.
Canot, Theodore (captain) Adventures of an African Slaver.
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Clemens, Samuel L. Huckleberry Finn.
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Coles, Robert. Dead End School. Illustrated by Norman Rockwell.
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The Crisis: A Record of the Darker Races.
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Curtis, James C. and Lewis L. Gould, eds.
The Black Experience in America: Selected Essays. 1970.
D
Davis, Russell H. Black Americans in Cleveland From George Peake to Carl B. Stokes. 1972.
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Detroit's Black Heritage., .a partial guide to people and places significant in the history of Detroit
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D'Oyley, Enid and Rella Braithvvaite, eds and comps. Women of Our Times.
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in Canada.
Boston: John P. Jewett and Company, 1856.
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Wallaceburg: Standard Press, 1975. 2 copies
E
Elgin Settlement: First Settler Records.
Emancipation Festivities and Program. 1 -3 August 1981. Windsor.
Epstein, Sam and Beryl. George Washington Carver, Negro Scientist: A Discovery Book.
Illustrated by William Moyers. Illinois: Garrard Publishing Co., 1960.
Essence. Magazine. April 1993.
F
Fast, Howard. Freedom Road. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce Publishers, 1944.
Chatham Welcomes Fergie Home. Subject: Fergie Jenkins.
Fitzhugh, Louise. Nobody's Family is Going to Change.
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Fraser, Anne. The Blacks of Niagara Falls 1850 - 1989. B.A. Thesis.
St. Catharines: Brock University, 1989.
French, Gary E. Men of Colour: An Historical Account of the Black Settlement on Wilberforce
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Orillia: Dyment-Slubley Printers, 1978. 2 copies.
From Slaveiy to Freedom...an essay in progress.
Information Booklet. University of Windsor: Hiram Walker and Sons, Ltd., 1965. 2 copies.
G
Gaines, Ernest J. The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman.
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The Geneological Helper: Dedicated to Helping People Find More Genealogy.
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Goss, Linda and Marian E. Barnes, eds. Talk That Talk: An Anthology of African American
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Storytelling.
Toronto: Simon and Schuster/Touchstone, 1989.
Graham, Shirley. Booker T. Washington : Educator of Hand, Head, and Heart.
13th ed. New York: Julian Messner, 1969.
Greene, Robert Ewell. The Leary-Evans, Ohio's Free People of Colour.
Foreward by Dorothy Inborden Miller. Washington, D.C.: Hickman Printing Inc., 1989.
H
Hamil, Fred Coyne. The Valley of the Lower Thames 1640 - 1850 .
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Harding, Vincent. There Is a River: The Black Struggle for Freedom in America.
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Toronto.
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Henson, Josiah. The Life of Josiah Henson, Formerly a Slave. Boston: Arthur D. Phelps, 1949.
Hill, Daniel G. Human Rights in Canada: A Focus on Racism.
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Hill, Lawrence. Women of Vision: The Story of the Canadian Negro Women's Association 1951 1976.
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Howe, S.G. Refugees From Slavery in Canada West: Report to the Freedmen's Inquiry Commission.
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I
International Library of Negro Life and History.
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"The History of the Negro in Medicine," by Herbert M. Morais.
" Negro Americans in the Civil War," by Charles Wesley and Patricia W. Romero.
"Anthology of the American Negro in the Theatre," by Lindsay Patterson.
"The Negro in Music and Art," by Lindsay Patterson.
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L
Ladd, Glen. Gleanings From the Glen. 1974.
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M
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s
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Stein, Sara Bonnelt.
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Lyman Wilmot House
Description
An account of the resource
This collection consists of records related to the Deerfield Public Library's research into whether or not the Wilmot house could be proved to have been a stop on the Underground Railroad.
Creator
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Deerfield Public Library
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Deerfield Public Library
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Deerfield Public Library
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2002
Language
A language of the resource
English
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
DPL.0013
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Local Historical Research
Description
An account of the resource
Printout of email from the Deerfield Public Library to the Buxton National Historic Site with an information request for Andrew Jackson; printouts from website for the Buxton National Historic Site with highlighting and handwritten notes related to Andrew Jackson.
Creator
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Wargo, Cindy H.
Source
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Buxton National Historic Site
Date
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02/06/2002
Language
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English
Identifier
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DPL.0013.036
A Gallery of Harlem Portraits
A Heritage: A Congregational History Bleheim United Church
A History of Dresden
A Living History: Voices of the Past Speak to the Present
A Magazine of Negro Comment
A North-Side View of Slavery - The Refugee
A Pictoral History of the Negro in America
A Plea for Emigration: Notes on Canada West
A Rage for Order: Black-White Relations in the American South Since Emancipation
A Review of Contemporary Photography in Canada
A Traveler's Guide to Two Cities: Boston and New Orleans
A.C. Robbins
Abraham Lincoln
Adrienne Shadd
Adventures of an African Slaver
Africa Publications Trust
African American Genealogical Sourcebook
African Cultural Heritage
African Culture Series: Native Musical Instruments
African Journey
Agricultural Economy
Alex Haley
Alfred E. Cain
All Around the Square: Feliciana and East and West Feliciana Parishes
American Black Women in the Arts and Sciences: A Bibliographic Survey
American Civil War
American Reconstruction Era
American Visions: The Magazine of Afro-American Culture
Amherstburg Ontario Canada
Amherstburg Regular Missionary Baptist Association: Its Auxiliaries and Churches
Amos Fortune Free Man
AMS Press
An Enduring Heritage: Black Contributions to Early Ontario
An Epic of Heroism: The Underground Railroad in Michigan 1837-1870
Anderson
Andrew Jackson
Ann Grifalconi
Anne Fraser
Anne Straith Jamieson
Anthology of the American Nego in the Theatre
Archives of Ontario
Arno Press
Arthur D. Phelps
Arthur L. Tolson
Artis Lane
Autobiography of Rev. William King and Supplementary Papers
Baltimore Maryland
Banister
Bantam Books
Barbara McCall
Barbara Summers
Barnwell Mabel and Bernice Peacock Biographical Index
Basil Mathews
Beacon Press
Before the Mayflower: The History of the Negro in America 1619-1964
Bell
Benjamin Drew
Bernard Katz
Beryl Epstein
Bethany House Publishers
Bicentennial Collector's Issue
Bill Waddell
Binford
Black
Black Abolitionists in Canada West to 1960
Black Africa: Language and LIterature
Black Americans in Cleveland from George Peake to Carl B. Stokes
Black Heritage Discovery
Black Perspectives on the Bicentennial: Blacks and US Wars
Black Perspectives on the Bicentennial: Economic Progress of Blacks After 200 Years
Black Perspectives on the Bicentennial: The Black Press and the First Amendment
Black Presence in Multi-Ethnic Canada
Black Students in Urban Canada
Black Studies: A Resource Guide for Teachers
Blacks in Detroit: A Reprint of Articles from the Detroit Free Press
Blaine Ethridge Books
Booker T. Washington
Booker T. Washington: Educator of Hand Head and Heart
Boston Massachusetts
Brian Lanker
British Methodist Episcopal Church
Brock University
Brooks
Brown
Bryan E. Walls
Burfit
Burke
Burse
Burton
Buxton Cemetery
Buxton Churches
Buxton Mission School
Buxton National Historic Site
Buxton National Historic Site and Museum
Buxton National Historic Site Reference Library
Buxton National Historic Site Research Area
Buxton Old School
Buxton Settlement Canada
Buxton the Liberator
Calendar
Calvin W. Ruck
Canada
Canada Historic Sites and Monuments Board
Canadian Canaan: A History of Black Baptists in Ontario
Canadian Federal Government
Canadian Government
Canadian History
Canadian Medical Association Journal
Canadian Negro Women's Association
Canadian Negro Women's Association Incorporated
Canadian Provincial Government
Carib-Can Publishers
Carl B. Stokes
Carl E. James
Carl Owens
Carrie M. Best
Carter
Case Studies
Charles L. Blockson
Charles Wesley
Charlesbridge Publishing
Charlotte Bronte Perry
Charro Press Incorporated
Chase
Chatham Ontario Canada
Chatham Welcomes Fergie Home
Chatham-Kent Municipality
Chavis
Chester County Pennsylvania
Chicago Illinois
Cindy H. Wargo
Clarion Publishing Company
Clarke Irwin and Company
Cleveland Ohio
Cobblehill Books
Colin McFarquhar
Collins
Columbia Missouri
Community Action Programs
Connecticut
Cooper
Cooperative Extension Service
Cooperstown New York
Copp Clark Publishing Company
Cornan
Corners of Black History
Cosby
Craig
Cromwell
Cronan
Crosby
Crosswhight
Crown Publishers Incorporated
D. Reidel Publishing Company
Dane Burr
Daniel G. Hill
Dave Jackson
Dead End School
Deerfield Illinois
Deerfield Public Library
Deerfield Public Library Reference Desk
Dell Publishing Company Incorporated
Denver Colorado
Derrydale Books
Detroit Black Historic Sites
Detroit Children's Museum
Detroit Free Press
Detroit Historical Department
Detroit Historical Museum
Detroit Historical Museum Black Historic Sites Committee
Detroit Michigan
Detroit News
Detroit Public Schools
Detroit's Black Heritage
Diana L. Spencer
Dick Frank
Donald George Simpson
Doo
Dood Mead and Company
Doris Parkin Keil
Dorothy Inborden Miller
Dorothy Shadd Shreve
Doston
Doubleday and Company Incorporated
Down Our Road: Written for the Charing Cross Centennial 1973
Drake
Dred: A Tale of the Dismal Swamp
Dresden Ontario Canada
Dresden Times
Drys
Duell Sloan and Pearce Publishers
Dundurn Press Limited
Dyke
Dyment-Stubley Printers
Ebony Magazine
Edmonton Alberta Canada
Educational Heritage Incorporated
Edwards Printing Company
Elgin School
Elgin Settlement
Elgin Settlement Canada
Elizabeth M. Turner
Elizabeth Yates
Ellezy
Elton C. Fax
Email
Emancipation Festivities and Program
Englewood Cliffs
Enid D'Oyley
Enos
Ernest J. Gaines
Escape from Slavery: The Underground Railroad
Escape from the Slave Traders
Eslanda Goode Robeson
Essence Magazine
Evans
Eyewitness: The Negro in American History
F. Hubner and Company Incorporated
F.A. Robinson
Fergie Jenkins
Ferguson Jenkins
Fifty Mighty Men
First Settler Records
Folders of Articles about the Artist and Reproductions of Her Work
Frances Cloud Taylor
Frances Jacob Albert
Frank L. Morris
Frank W. Anderson
Fred Coyne Hamil
Freedmen's Inquiry Commission
Freedom Road
Freeman
Fritz Henle
Fritz Kredel
From Slavery to Freedom
Fund for New Priorities in America
G.C. Porter
Gale Genealogy and Local History Series
Gale Research Incorporated
Garden City Publishing Company Incorporated
Garel
Garrard Publishing Company
Gary E. French
Genealogical Reference Data
George H. Doran Company
George Peake
George Vass
George W. Pattison
George Washington Carver
George Washington Carver Negro Scientist: A Discovery Book
Ghana
Givens
Gleanings from the Glen
Glen Ladd
Glenette Tilley Turner
Grant MacEwan
Gray
Green Book
Griffin
Griffith
Groce
Gunn
Gwendolyn Robinson
Halifax Nova Scotia
Hamilton Ontario Canada
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
Harden
Harding
Harlem New York City
Harper's Ferry
Harried Beecher Stowe
Harris
Harrison
Harvey Wish
Hastings House
Hawkins
Henry Regnery Company
Herbert M. Morais
Heritage: Giving Our Past a Future
Hickman Printing Incorporated
Hicks
Hilda Dungy
Hiram Walker and Sons Limited
Historical Negro Biographies
History of Public General Hospital School of Nursing
Hooper
Howard Fast
Huckleberry Finn
Human Relations: The Right to Live in Dignity
Human Rights in Canada: A Focus on Racism
Hutchison and Company Limited
I Dream a World: Portrais of Black Women Who Changed America
If This is the Time
Illinois
Impact Enterprises Incorporated
International Library of Negro Life and History
International Prince Hall Day
International Review of African American Art
Isidre Mones
J. Carlyle Parker
J. Earl Burr
J.A. Griffin
J.A. Mitton
J.A. Rogers
J.B. Pole Printing
Jackson
James C. Curtis
James W. Walker
Jane Pittman
Jennie Johnson
Jerry Blocker
Jesse Jackson
Jesse!? Jackson's Surprising Surge
Jet Magazine
Jim Bearden
Joel Williamson
John Brown
John Brown Forte
John Brown's Body
John Lutman
John Oliver Killens
John P. Jewett
John P. Jewett and Company
John W. Robinson
Johnson
Johnson Publishing Company Incorporated
Johnston
Jones
Jordan Station
Josiah Henson
Josten's Publications
Julian Messner
Karel F. Ruzicka
Karen L. Jefferson
Katherine Roundtree
Kennett Square Pennsylvania
Kent County Ontario
Kent County Ontario Marriage Registers
Kentucky
Kersey
L. Douglas Wilder
Langston Hughes
Laura Rosenthal
Lawrence Hill
Lawson
Legacy to Buxton
Legacy: Newsletter of the Archives of Ontario
Leon F. Litwack
Lerone Bennett Jr.
Levero Lee Carter
Lewis
Lewis L. Gould
Library Service for Genealogists
Like Nobody Else: The Fergie Jenkins Story
Lillie Patterson
Linda Goss
Linda Jean Butler
Lindsay Patterson
Local History
London England
Look to the North Star
Lorenz Ott
Lorraine Monk
Louise Fitzhugh
Lyman Wilmot
Macleans
Madrue Chavers-Wright
Makin' Free: African-Americans in the Northwest Territory
Malone
Malott
Mamie Austin Rouzan
Marian E. Barnes
Marion Matt
Mark Twain
Markham Illinois
Martin
Martin A. Delany
Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin Luther King Jr. To The Mountaintop
Martin Luther King Jr.: Man of Peace
Marvelous Michael Jackson: An Unauthorized Biography
Mary A. Shadd
Mary Ann Shadd
Mary C. Mallory
Mary E. Hatter Quinn
Mary McLoughlin
Mary Shadd Cary
MAtthews
Maya Angelou
McMaster Divinity College
Melfort and District Golden Jubilee Committee
Melvin Tolson
Men of Colour: An Historical Account of the Black Settlement on Wilberforce Street and in Oro Township
Michael Semak
Michigan
Michigan 4-H Youth Programs
Michigan Department of Education
Michigan Department of Education Office for Sex Equity
Middleton
Miller
Milton Meltzer
Minneapolis Minnesota
Mississippi
Montreal Quebec Canada
Moore
Morris
Morton
Murder Clues from the Black Museum
Musical Buxton
My Life
My Search for Roots: A Black American's Story
Nat Brandt
National Geographic
National Museums of Canada
National Urban League
Native Son
NC Press Limited
Negro Americans in the Civil War
Negro Digest
Negro Heritage Reader for Young People
Negroes in Ontario From Early Times to 1870
Neta Jackson
New Jersey
New Orleans Louisiana
New York
New York Times
Newby
Niagara Falls Ontario Canada
Niagara Tourist Council
Niagara's Freedom Trail: A Guide to African-Canadian History on the Niagara Peninsula
Nimbus Publishing Limited
Nobody's Family is Going to Change
Nora S. Unwin
Norman McRae
Norman Rockwell
North American Black History
North Buxton Ontario Canada
North of Slavery: The Negro in the Free States 1790-1860
Nova Scotia Canada
Nova Scotia Human Rights Commission
Nuby
Nurses' Alumnae Association
O.P. Anderson
Oberlin Community History
Oberlin Ohio
Ohio
Oklahoma
Olive Publishing Company Limited
On Black History: Nova Scotia - A Pictoral
One Man's Journey: Roy Prince Edward Perry 1905-1972
Ontario Black History Society
Ontario Black History Society Annual Report
Ontario Genealogical Society
Ontario Genealogical Society Kent County Branch
Ontario Heritage Foundation
Ontario Heritage Policy Review
Ontario Human Rights Code and Age Discrimination Act
Ontario Human Rights Commission
Ontario Ministry of Citizenship and Culture
Ontario Ministry of Culture and Communication
Ontario Ministry of Culture and Communications
Ontario Ministry of Education
Ontario: An Informal History of Its Land and Its People
Ora WIlliams
Orillia Ontario Canada
Oro Township Canada
Our North Buxton Heritage: Mary E. Hatter Quinn Memorial
Owen A. Thomas
Owen Burey
Owens
Oxford University Press
P.W. Chavers
Paideia Press
Park
Parker
Parsons
Pathfinders of Liberty and Truth
Patricia W. Romero
Patton
Paul LeClair
Paula K. Byers
Peaker
Pearl Bailey
Pearl's Kitchen: An Extraordinary Cookbook
Peker
Pelican Books
Pennsylvania
People Magazine
Petr Zima
Pierce
Pitman Publishing Corporation
Planted by the Waters: A Genealogy of the Jones-Carter Family
Poindexter
Prentice-Hall
Prince
Printout
Prospective Sites Relating to Black History in Canada
R and S Publishers
R.H. Mottram
Raleigh Ontario Canada
Raleigh Township Canada
Raleigh Township Centennial Project
Raleigh Township Council
Raleigh Township Statute Labour 1838-1847
Raoul Abdull
Reader's Digest
Redbook
Redding
Refugees From Slavery in Canada West
Reginald Larrie
Reginald Witherspoon
Reidmore Books
Rella Braithwaite
Rice
Richard Wright
Richardson
Riddle
Robbins
Robert Brandon
Robert Choquette
Robert Coles
Robert Ewell Greene
Robert M. Farnsworth
Roberta Hughes Wright
Robin Breon
Robinson
Roger Riendeau
Romantic Kent: The Story of a County 1626-1952
Roots
Roots: Back to Africa with an Embattled Alex Haley
Roots: Part II
Ross
Ruby Zagoren
Russell H. Davis
S.G. Howe
Sam Epstein
Samella Lewis
Samuel L. Clemens
Sanders
Sara Bonnett Stein
Saskatoon Canada
Scott
Scott McGehee
Seek the Truth; A Story of Chatham's Black Community
Segee
Shadd
Shadd: The Life and Times of Mary Shadd Cary
Shirley Graham
Short
Shreve
Simcoe County Ontario Canada
Simms
Simon and Schuster
Smith
Sod House Memories: A Treasury of Soddy Stories
Sojourners
South Africa
South Africa: Implications for US Policy - A Congressional Conference
South Buxton First Baptist Church
Southern Africa
Sovenier Program: 65th Anniversary of Union United Church
St. Catharines Ontario Canada
Standard Press
Steele
Stephen Vincent Benet
Stewart Tabori and Chang
Sumner Press
Survivors
Susan Watson
Syracuse New York
Syracuse University Press
Talk a Walk in Their Shoes
Talk That Talk: An Anthology of African American Storytelling
Talking About Difference: Encounters in Culture Language and Identity
Thames Arts Centre
That Lonesome Road
That New Baby: An Open Family Book for Parents and Children Together
The AfriCanadian Church: A Stabilizer
The American Negro: A History in Biography and Pictures
The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman
The Banks Legacy: The Chronicles of a Free Negro Family
The Beginnings of Black Nationalism
The Birth of the Montgomery Bus Boycott
The Birthplace of Our Conference: Souvenier Edition
The Black Battalion 1916-1920 Canada's Best Kept Military Secret
The Black Canadians: Their History and Contributions
The Black Experience
The Black Experience in America: Selected Essays
The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone 1782-1870
The Black Oklahomans: A History
The Black Presence in the Canadian Mosaic
The Blacks of Niagara Falls 1850-1989
The Canadian Journal of Canadian Conservation Institute
The Clash of Colour: A Study in the Problem of Race
The Crisis: A Record of the Darker Races
The Danbury Press
The Dipper Stick: A History of Drainage in Kent County Ontario
The Everton Publishers
The Frank Slide Story
The Freedman's Story
The Genealogical Helper: Dedicated to Helping People Find More Genealogy
The Glenn Carrington Collection
The Guarantee-P.W. Chavers; Banker Entrepreneur Philanthropist in Chicago's Black Belt of the Twenties
The History of the Negro in Medicine
The International Year of the Child
The John Day Company
The Leary-Evans: Ohio's Free People of Colour
The Life of Josiah Henson Formerly a Slave
The Longman Group Limited
The Magic of Black Poetry
The Mercury Press
The Model Negro Colony in Kent County
The Modern Library
The Museum of African American History
The National Film Board of Canada
The Negro in Music and Art
The Negro Since Emancipation
The Negro Traveler's Green Book
The New Buxton Experiment
The New Buxton Experiment Internats Project
The North American Black Historical Museum Celebrates the 150th Anniversary of the Abolition of Slavery Act and Ontario's Bicentennial
The Ontario Register
The Ploughboy and the Nightingale
The Progress of a Race and Select Poems
The Road that Led to Somewhere: A Documented Novel About the Underground Railroad
The Saalfield Publishing Company
The Scarecrow Press
The Social Implications of Early Negro Music in the United States
The Sporting News
The Sporting News: Fifty-Second Hall of Fame Induction Ceremonies Annual Program
The Storied Land: Discovering the Heroes Villans Myths and Legends that Shape the Nation
The Story of Mary Ann Shadd
The Town that Started the Civil War
The Trackless Trail: The Story of the Underground Railroad in Kennett Square Chester County Pennsylvania and the Surrounding Community
The Underground Railroad
The Valley of the Lower Thames 1640-1850
Thelma Quinn Smith
Theodore Canot
There is a River: The Black Struggle for Freedom in America
They Chose Greatness: Women Who Shaped America and the World
They Stopped in Oberlin: Black Residents and Visitors of the Nineteenth Century
Thomas
Thomas B. Wilson
Timbers
Time Magazine
Timothy Ryan
Toronto Ontario Canada
Touchstone
Toyer
Traveling by the Book
Travis
Tyler
Umbrella Press
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Underground Railroad
Underground Railroad: Special Resource Study/Management Concepts
United Methodist Church
United Methodist Church Women's Division
United States Department of the Interior
United States National Park Service
University of Chicago
University of Chicago Press
University of Missouri Press
University of Toronto
University of Toronto Press
University of Western Ontario
University of Windsor
Up from Slavery
Uprooting a Nation: The Study of 3 Million Evictions in South Africa
Utah
Vancouver British Columbia Canada
Vancouver Centre for the Study of Curriculum and Instruction
Vancouver Centre for the Study of Curriculum and Instruction Faculty of Education
Vantage Press
Velma Carter
Venture for Freedom
Vera Cudjoe
Victor Lauriston
Victor Ullman
Vincent
Vincent Harding
Virgin Islands
Virginia Governor
Virginia Kroll
Vivian Robbins
Vivienne Tallal Winterry
Vladimir Klima
Voices of the Past: A History of Melfort and District
Walker
Wallaceburg Ontario Canada
Walter Shapiro
Warren Chappell
Washington D.C.
Watertown
Watts
Webb
Website
Weekly Reader Books
Wendy Lee Barry
Western Producer
White
Wilhelmena S. Robinson
William E. Bigglestone
William H. Jackson
William King
William King Letters
William King: Friend and Champion of the Slaves
William Loren Katz
William Moyers
William N.T. Wylie
William Parker
William Roger WItherspoon
William Still
Wilson
Wilson A. Head
Windsor Ontario Canada
Windsorite Reunion Fellowship Banquet Honoree Presentation
Women of Our Times
Women of Vision: The Story of the Canadian Negro Women's Association 1951-1976
Wood-Hoopoe Willie
World's Great Men of Color 3000 BC to 1946 AD
Wright and Potter Printers
Wright-Armstead Associates
Yonkers
Zebbs
-
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7462c46f8a75b523b184ff65b37d222c
PDF Text
Text
Page 1 of 5
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Canadian History (17th to 19th century)
New France/Upper Canada/Canada West/Province Of Ontario
...these times were researched and prepared through the
generousity of the Upper Canada Law Society
Scavmgefjfmn j
'(Pioneers
1604 Mcittieu da Costa is the first known person of African descent to arrive in
Canada. Me sailed with the Champlain-Poulrincourt expedition. His linguistic expertise
made him a valuable member to the crew. Me spoke numerous languages including
Micmac and French and was an interpreter for Champlain. Da Costa was a well educated
individual and was a charier member of Canada’s oldest club, The Order of Canada.
1628
Olivier Le Jenne (a native of Madagascar) is the first known black person to
have lived in Canada. Me came to Canada at the age of seven during the invasion of New
France. He was a slave of British Commander, David Kirk. After a time he was sold to a
Quebec resident who sent him to a school that had been established by a Jesuit priest
named Father Le Jeune. He was later baptized as Olivier Le Jeune. Me died on May 10"\
1654 with status of a freeperson.
Louis XIV sanctioned the longstanding practice of slavery- in New France. Blacks
1709
were among the first pioneers in New France as many of them had been brought as slaves
to fur trading posts and settlements. These black pioneers helped to clear the land and
establish these early posts and settlements.
Treaty of Utrecht is signed. This allows the French territory of Acadia to be
1713
transferred to the British. Settlers, bringing their slaves w ith them from New England,
moved into the area (which was renamed Nova Scotia). Many of these slaves had brought
valuable skills w ith them, learned in Africa, these skilled tradesmen were then sold to
American colonics when their work was no longer needed in Canada. The city of Halifax
was built by the labor of slaves.
1734 A/arie-Joseph Angelique was the slave of a wealthy Montreal merchant. On
April 11, in an drastic act of resistance, she set fire to her masters’ house so that it would
divert attention from her escape. The fire destroyed 46 buildings including the Hotel
Dieu. Once caught she was publicly tortured and hanged.
Britain conquered New France. The slave system, previously established in
1760
Quebec, were continued under British Rule. Although census records had not yet been
established, it is estimated that approximately 500 or 600 slaves lived in Canada during
the 18^ century. These slaves were Blacks and Pawnee Indians.
1775 American Revolution: The British government encouraged colonists to join with
them to fight. For this involvement they promised free land grants and military postings.
Slaves were offered their freedom along with free land and postings. Many joined in the
fight.
After the war, United Umpire Loyalists (URL), as they were now known moved
1783
from America to the Bahamas, Bermuda, the West Indies, East and West Florida and
Canada. Over 30,000 people moved to Nova Scotia and Quebec. The Loyalists were
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comprised of a diverse ethnic makeup (European, British, Aboriginal and Africans). Over
3,000 Black Loyalists (including the famous Black Pioneers, which was an all black
militia unit) received land grants in Canada.
British Act of 1790 allowed new settlers to bring slaves into what was to be
1790
known as Upper Canada for the value of "forty shillings" a person.
1791
1793
Separation of upper and lower provinces into Upper and Lower Canada.
The first Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada. Lieutenant-Colonel John
Graves Simcoe and his wife Elizabeth were
abolitionists who lobbied for the dismantling of slavery
i in Upper Canada. Ironically, 6 of the 16 legislators in
Hf the first Parliament of Upper Canada were slave
mH owners.
John Graves Simcoe, First Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada Founder of
Toronto (Portrait by Jean Laurent Mosnier)
ChiefJustice Osgoode drafted a bill which was intended to contain slavery in
1793
Upper Canada. The first Parliament of the Province of Upper Canada passed the
legislation the Statute of 1793. This statute prohibited the importation of slaves into
Upper Canada. It is considered the first specific human rights law in the British Empire to
address the institute of slavery. Although the law did not abolish slavery in Upper Canada
it did allow the children of the then slaves to be freed at the age of twenty-five.
1803
William Osgoode while Chief Justice of Lower Canada (named in 1793)
spearheaded the historic decision that slavery was inconsistent with British Law.
Although the judgement did not legally abolish slavery, over 300 slaves were set free in<
Lower Canada. This judgement let slave owners that Canada was inhospitable towards
slavery and a clear anti-slavery foundation began to be established.
During the War of 1812 man Blacks fought alongside of the British, in Black
1812
militia units. When the war ended, Sir Peregrine Maitland, the Lieutenant-Governor of
Upper Canada, offer land grants to the Black veterans and refugees. This settlement was
formed on what is Oro township today.
Upper Canada’s Attorney General, John Beverly Robinson, declared that Blacks who
resided on Canadian soil would be free. He also promised that Canadian courts would
uphold that freedom. Soon American Blacks began to hear that they loo could bo lrcc in
Canada and would be protected under British Law. Canada began to be viewed as a safe
haven.
182(1
It is believed that the Underground Railroad (UGR) movement began by a group
of Pennsylvania Quakers in 1804. During the 1800s many people, who opposed slavery,
had formed a complicated system of networks and escape routes. These routes led to
freedom in Canada. By 1820, the escape routes of this system were firmly established
throughout the United Stales. During the 1830’s and 40’s many UGR terminals and
stations had been set up in Canada. It is estimated that approximately 30,000 Blacks came
across the border in the early and mid 1800's. Many of these Blacks (Fugitive Slaves and
Free Blacks) did not use this underground system, escaping by themselves to freedom in
Canada.
1830
Josiah Henson, his w ife and four children escaped to Canada on October 2S1*1.
v.. 1&30 through the UGR. Josiah and his family remained
_
Canada, where today there is a historical site. Many
newcomers found comfort at the Dawn settlement
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established in part by Josiah. In 1852 Unde Tom's Cabin written bv Harriet Beecher
Stowe, was published. It is believed that the life of Josiah was the template for the book.
This famous book inspired numerous individuals to join the abolitionist cause.
Josiah Henson & his wife (Photo Credit:: Metropolitan Toronto Library Board)
1833
The British Imperial Act of 1833 was passed ending slavery throughout the
British Umpire. This act caused the largest influx of Blacks arriving into Canada West
during 1830 and 1860. It is estimated that approximately 30 to 50 ,000 moved to Canada
during this period.
Mackenzie Rebellion: The government of Upper Canada enrolled Blacks in all
1837
Black Militia units., i.e. Runcheys Rangers. However, enterprising Blacks forged their
own militia unit before enlisted by the government. They formed groups like Captain
Caldwell’s Coloured Volunteers.
Anderson R. Abbott, a surgeon, soldier, poet and educator was bom in Toronto. He
became the first Canadian Black doctor. Black men were awarded the right to vote.
Women could not.
There w ere a number of boats on the Great Lakes that assisted the abolitionist
1842
cause. Often they gav e free passage to fugitive slaves. William Wells Brown, a former
slave and owner of a number of boats, brought 69 slaves into Canada from May to
December.
A fugitive slave Nelson Hackett is forced to return to his master and the United States.
This ignited the abolitionist cause further and was a highly publicized event.
1849
Harriet Tubman escaped from slavery around this lime period. She was to
become one of the most famous Underground
railroad operators. It is believed that she
returned into the United States over 19 times
to help over 300 slaves escape. Her name and
activities were so well known that a $40,000
bounty was established by angry slave
owners. Tubman resided in St. Catharines,
Ontario for over eight years. The town was
an important location for the UGR as citizens
were empathclic to the abolitionist cause. She
was considered a military and logistics
genius. At the start of the American Civil
War, she was recruited to act as a spy for the
Union Army.
Harriet Tubman & her charges (Photo
Credit:Metropolitan Toronto Library Board)
1850
U.S. Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Act which spearheaded an exodus of
Free Blacks and fugitive slaves into Canada. The Act threatened the safety of free Blacks
who lived in the Northern Free Slates. It enabled them to be captured and sold back into
slavery.
The Common Schools Act is passed in Canada West. This piece of legislation sanctioned
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ihe racial separation of schools lor Blacks and Whites. Black parents protested by
establishing their own religious based schools for their children. The practice of racial
segregation continued into the early 1900's in many areas throughout Canada West.
The Toronto Anti-Slaveit Society was formed. The first meeting was held at the
1851
St. Lawrence Hall in Toronto. Ironically this location was used previously for slave
auctions. George Brown of the Globe was one of the founding members Of the society.
Extremely influencial, he was an abolitionist who helped to make Toronto a hotbed for
the anti-slavery cause. Toronto, the only area not to segregate its schools by race,
influenced the surrounding areas with its anti-racist sentiments.
1852
•;i-
rY.v".
liemy Bibb published and distributed The Anti-Slave iv Harp ,a collection of
popular anti-slavery songs in Windsor, Ontario. Henry and Maty
Bibb established the Voice ofthe Fugitive Canada's first anti-slavery
^•mewspaper.
V*--m '
. ..
■.
Henry Bibb (Photo Credit: Ontario Department of Travel &
publicity)
,r
1853 The Provincial Freeman, an anti-slavery newspaper was started in Windsor,
Ontario. Maty Ann Shadd is believed to be the first Black female newspaper editor in
North America.
1855
The first black lawyer was called to the bar in 1855. Through the research of
flgjjp|§l&fhe Law Society of Upper Canada in 1992 it was discovered that
m&Robert Sutherland was actually the first black lawyer and not Delos
1/toge.s/ Davis as was previously believed.
■rsm
[,\ lary Ann Shadd Cary (Photo Credit: Daniel G. Hill)
tjj
Dr. Alexander Milton Ross, a physician, ornithologist and abolitionist helped
hundreds of slaves escape to freedom. Under the guise of searching
for rare birds he traveled extensively throughout the American
south where he aided slaves escape to Canadian via the
Underground Railroad.
;
%
■ • ’ • Hr. Alexander Milton Ross (Photo Credit:Metropolitan Toronto
Ubrary Board)
1856 Major Martin Delany, M.D. was die first black to graduate in medicine from
Harvard University. He was successful in bringing the 1856 cholera epidemic under
control in the city of Chatham, Ontario.
1858
American abolitionist John Brown met his contemporaries in Chatham, Ontario
to plan his attack on Harper's Ferry in Virginia. In may of 1859 the
attack failed and John Brown was tried for high treason. He was
found guilty and hanged. He became a martyr for the abolitionist
cause and was revered by abolitionists on both sides of the border.
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John Brown (Photo Credit: Metropolitan Toronto Library Board)
1859
Abraham Shadd was the first Black Canadian to be elected to public office.
I860
It is estimated that there were between 30,000 to 50,000 people of African
descent in Canada.
1861 Anderson Ruffin Abbott became the first Canadian bom Black doctor. During the
American Civil War he was one of eight black surgeons to work with the union army.
1862
At the outbreak of the American Civil War many of the Americans who had
earlier escaped to Canada returned to the United Stales to help fight in the war. This
caused a major reduction of Blacks residing in the Province.
1886
Delois Davis became the second black lawyer in Upper Canada. He was
admitted to the Law Society of Upper Canada on May 19. 1885 and was called to be bar
on November 15,i\ 1886. Although he completed his law studies at the University of
Toronto, he could not find a law firm to article with. He was appointed to Kings Counsel
in 1910. His son Frederick Davis became Ontario’s second black lawyer in 1900. Father
and son set up the practice Davis and Davis in Amherslburg, Ontario.
At the age of 51, William Hubbard entered civic politics in Toronto. He was the
1893
first alderman to be elected in his Ward (4). He was reelected even' year for the next 13
years. Between 1904 and 1907 he was on the Board of Control as Vice Chairman and
acted as Deputy Mayor.
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Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Lyman Wilmot House
Description
An account of the resource
This collection consists of records related to the Deerfield Public Library's research into whether or not the Wilmot house could be proved to have been a stop on the Underground Railroad.
Creator
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Deerfield Public Library
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Deerfield Public Library
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Deerfield Public Library
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2002
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English
Identifier
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DPL.0013
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Time Lines: Canadian History (17th to 19th Century) New France / Upper Canada / Canada West / Province of Ontario
Description
An account of the resource
Printout from webpage of a timeline of Canadian history focusing on New France, Upper Canada, Canada West, and Ontario. Some highlighting.
Creator
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Upper Canada Law Society
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Accessed 02/08/2002
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English
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DPL.0013.035
Abolitionism
Abolitionist
Abraham Shadd
Acadia Canada
Africa
African American Loyalists
African American Slaves
African Canadian Doctors
African Canadian Refugees
African Canadian Suffrage
African Canadian Veterans
Alexander Milton Ross
American Civil War
American Colonies
American Revolution
Amherstburg Ontario
Anderson R. Abbott
Anderson Ruffin Abbott
Anti-Slavery Newspapers
Bahamas
Bermuda
Black Pioneers Militia Unit
British Act of 1790
British Army Black Militia Units
British Empire
British Empire Abolition of Slavery
British Imperial Act of 1833
British Law
British Rule of Canada
Canada
Canada West
Canadian Abolishment of Slavery
Canadian Civic Politics
Canadian History
Canadian Segregation
Canadian Slavery
Canadian Slavery Statutes
Canadian Statute of 1793
Captain Caldwell's Coloured Volunteers
Champlain-Poutrincourt Expedition
Chatham Ontario Canada
Chief Justice of Lower Canada
Chief Justice Osgoode
Cholera
Common Schools Act
Daniel G. Hill
David Kirk
Davis and Davis
Dawn Settlement Canada
Delois Davis
Delos Rogest Davis
East Florida
Elizabeth Graves Simcoe
Father Le Juene
Florida
Frederick Davis
French Language
Fugitive Slave Act
Fur Trade
George Brown
Great Lakes
Halifax Nova Scotia
Harper's Ferry
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Harriet Tubman
Harvard University
Henry Bibb
Hotel Dieu
Human Rights Laws
John Beverly Robinson
John Brown
John Graves Simcoe
Josiah Henson
Kings Counsel
Law Society of Upper Canada
Louis XIV
Lower Canada
Loyalists
Mackenzie Rebellion
Madagascar
Marie-Joseph Angelique
Martin Delany
Mary Ann Shadd
Mary Bibb
Mattieu da Costa
Metropolitan Toronto Library Board
Micmac Language
Montreal Quebec Canada
Nelson Hackett
New England
New France
Nova Scotia Canada
Oliver Le Jeune
Ontario Canada
Ontario Department of Travel and Publicity
Ornithologist
Oro Township Canada
Pawnee Native American Slaves
Pawnee Native American Tribe
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Quakers
Peregrine Maitland
Physician
Printout
Provincial Freeman
Quebec Canada
Robert Sutherland
Runcheys Rangers
Samuel de Champlain
St. Catharines Ontario Canada
St. Lawrence Hall
The Anti-Slavery Harp
The Order of Canada
Timelines
Toronto Alderman
Toronto Anti-Slavery Society
Toronto Board of Control
Toronto Deputy Mayor
Toronto Globe
Toronto Ontario Canada
Treaty of Utrecht
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Underground Railroad
Underground Railroad Operators
Union Army
Union Army Spies
Union Army Surgeons
United Empire Loyalists
United States Congress
University of Toronto
Upper Canada
Upper Canada Attorney General
Upper Canada Law Society
Upper Canada Lieutenant Governor
Upper Canada Parliament
Virginia
Voice of the Fugitive
War of 1812
Website
West Florida
West Indies
William Hubbard
William Osgoode
William Wells Brown
Windsor Ontario Canada
-
https://archives.deerfieldlibrary.org/files/original/f7ff4889022dab162da1c3c7f36ef23d.pdf
c5d285d3f189c1ad3a0e98ccd7485b4a
PDF Text
Text
496
Appendix
SVarlier’ °r SUbSCqUent data: Migration reports. These data also
suffer from imprecise definitions, for black immigration to Canada was remrlo
°ften m te™S °f arrivaIs £rom 1116 United States and via ocean
port^ These two categories are not genuinely helpful, for numerous AmeriMnn^°eS "ndoubtedly entered through the ports of Halifax, Saint John,
Montreal, and Vancouver, just as West Indians and Africans may have
rossed into Canada from the American border rather than entering by sea.
Other data do refer to West Indians as distinct from Negroes, the latter
word apparently being reserved for Americans; but in 1926 the ethnic
totals were dropped, as was the West Indian designation, temporarily. And
immigration reports could be contradictory: although the 1922 report
showed that no Negroes had entered Canada the previous year, this
was
corrected in the report of 1923.27
A comparison of census returns, birthrate ^
estimates, and immigration
reports for the period 1911 to 1951 shows that one body of data was in
? C°nfisiderable numbcr of Negroes “passed over” each decade
m o white classifications—not primarily through intermarriage, since the
intermarriage rate was low, but presumably through electing to consider
Aemselves white. This conclusion would also help to account for the
r" flT8h0Ut the Peri0d fr0m 0ntario
other provinces
( ept Nova Scotia), and for the movement out of Nova Scotia into
Negro communities^
*
^ * °ntari° and Nova Scotia *e
were
„ more reac% recognizable, and if one had made
the decision to “
step. By 1961
help to explain the sharp increase in the reported Negro population, for
“sen ISS 7
h3Ve Ch0Se“ t0 “paSS” “ay now h™5 oh°sen to
tinn i^ i ba faSe-In the previous decades a modestly advancing immigracrease
7 ^ ^ W£St Indies’ aIso contributed measurably to the inIf neither the estimates of interested observers
nor the reports of disinterested statisticians are to be accepted for this study one may yet conelude that the Negro, although never numerous, has on the whole been
more numerous than Canadians have thought. His influence in Canadian
Even
°f ?g dUration and’ at times> of marked importance.
Even more, one may demonstrate that the Canadian experience has been
fte SfeCCaCnad0r
wTfl“t the faction between the black,
, . fCad,’. and their shared environment has revealed much of
general interest and importance about Canadian ethnic and racial
attitudes.
(oLTm9U27yeZVf te Dertment °f ******** ond Colonization . . .
l sstrssasr’ -d '*
A Note on Sources
This book arises largely from manuscript materials. That is true of____
most
books by most historians, and usually the fact would not be worthy of
special comment. Negro, or Black, history manuscript materials present
unusual problems, however. Manuscripts left by Negroes are fewer in
number, more difficult to find, and less self-consciously revealing, than
manuscripts arising from more traditional sources. The reasons for this
comparative dearth are obvious enough, even though until recently few
historians seem to have remarked upon the ways in which an anti- or at
least non-Negro bias might be reflected in many aspects of North Ameri
can social history. In historiography, as in chess, the white is always the
first to move—or has been until recently.
As slaves, blacks often were illiterate; even when free, they were the
least likely of all newcomers to North America to leave behind a written
record. They had left no one in Africa to whom they would write of their
new experiences; they were not organized in the New World in ways con
ducive to communication on paper; and they often lacked the skills re
quired to prepare the historian’s cherished manuscript, to be produced in
time in some neatly catalogued archive. They also were highly itinerant,
and frequently not in control of their own movements, so that the little
they had by way of a historical record was swept aside, left behind, or
burned to keep a body warm during the winter. Furthermore, they were
not organized institutionally, so that until the mid-nineteenth century there
were very few religious groups, schools, mutual aid societies, fraternal or
ganizations, or other self-venerating institutions to preserve a collective
record. Accordingly, Negro records are few, scattered, and require much
time and effort to find, assess, and relate.
The assessment of those records that have survived poses another prob
lem. One need not recite here the many arguments about the special nature
of Black history, for a flood of monographs has appeared in recent years
to attest to the angry shoals upon which anyone who casts himself adrift
from traditional historiography may run aground. Obviously, much of the
documentation relating to the Negro in North America comes from sources
which are “white”; thus we often must view black activities and responses
—even Negro thought—through sources which, while contemporary, are
at one remove from our subject matter. To note that one must also view
497
�ancient Greek thought through modern eyes is not to vitiate the conclusion
that by its nature much white-authored history will be biased history. It
does not follow, however, that all white observers have got their sums
wrong. In any event, the historian works with what he has, and while
black observers are to be preferred in many instances, this is not invariably
so; and even were it so, surely it is not beyond the empathy of man to
compensate at least somewhat for the bias inherent in any observation
that moves across ethnic, cultural, or religious chasms. Two superb books
—David Brion Davis’s The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture (Ithaca,
N.Y., 1966), and Winthrop Jordan’s White Over Black (Chapel Hill,
N.C., 1969)—have been criticized by some scholars on the ground that
they are less about what the Negro did than about what the Negro had
visited upon him. If this is so, it does not challenge the validity of telling
the latter story, and I cannot hope, in this more modest effort, to escape
such criticisms.
In any event, this book says something about both subjects. I have
sought out black sources carefully, and feel that I have demonstrated that
vast quantities of material do exist, if not always in the customary places.
Such sources are not used in preference to white sources, as a substitute
or supplement to them, nor in token integration, but as parallel sources
of equal and different validity.
As drafts of this work were revised, the documentation was substantially
reduced. Anyone interested in additional references to a specific point in
the text may consult the author’s original notes or one of the earlier drafts
of the manuscript, now in the Schomburg Collection of the New York
Public Library. The documentation is relatively full as presented here,
however, and the following essay will deal with contemporary or original
source materials only. The footnotes will lead the reader to the more im
portant of the secondary works, as well as printed documents, which are
not discussed here.
Most of the books, pamphlets, and articles cited in the notes were con
sulted at the British Museum, the Library of Congress, the Public Archives
of Canada, or one of the Canadian provincial archives. All major collec
tions of Negro Americana (as the term once had it) known to me were
consulted. These include the five leading collections: the Schomburg, the
James Weldon Johnson in the Yale University Library, and the holdings
of Fisk, Hampton, and Howard universities. Lesser collections in the Bos
ton Athenaeum, the Brookline (Mass.), Chicago, and Providence public
libraries, the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, the Confederate Me
morial Library in Richmond, Tuskegee Institute, Lincoln University, and
the universities of Atlanta, California, and Vermont, were examined, as
were special collections of antislavery pamphlets at Cornell University and
!
Oberlin College. I also consulted over a hundred theses and dissertations.
Those drawn upon are cited in full in the footnotes. For a basic list, one
may consult Earle H. West, comp., A Bibliography of Doctoral Research
on the Negro, 1933-1966 ([Ann Arbor, Mich.], 1969).
The only partial bibliography on The Negro in Canada appeared as this
work neared completion. Subtitled A Select List of Primary and Secondary
Sources for the Study of Negro Community in Canada from the Earliest
Times to the Present Days, and prepared by Sushil Kumar Jain, it is avail
able from the University of Saskatchewan library (Regina, 1967). The
list is highly selective and uncritical. A Bibliography of Antislavery in
America, prepared by Dwight Lowell Dumond (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1961),
is the most important guide to antislavery literature and other printed
sources. It does not entirely replace two earlier, and excellent finding aids:
W. E. Burghardt DuBois, A Select Bibliography of the American Negro
(Atlanta, Ga., 1905), the only one of several such bibliographies con
sistently to include Canadian citations; and the references in Mary S. Locke,
Anti-Slavery in America, from the Introduction of African Slaves to the
Prohibition of the Slave Trade (1619-1808) (Boston, 1901). These and
other bibliographies include a number of highly general histories of slavery
which make passing reference to Canada—histories not cited in the pres
ent volume. (A representative example is Frank Hoyt Wood, Vrsprung
und Entwicklung der Sklaverei [Leipzig, Germ., 1900], which discusses
Canada on pages 7 to 16.) Anyone wishing to compile a definitive bibli
ography on Canadian Negroes must therefore consult the standard finding
aids as well as the raw notes to the present study, for not all relevant
secondary titles are incorporated in the printed footnotes of this book.
Official Papers
Official papers tend to survive, private papers tend not to. Most official
papers, at least until recently, will tell far more of the Negro as a person
acted upon rather than as actor. For these reasons, the papers of official
bodies—and especially of governments—were of relatively less use in this
study than in most books which attempt to examine some facet of the
Canadian-American relationship. Nonetheless, the official,, papers were
indispensable, especially for a record of the Black Pioneers, the migration
to Sierra Leone, the Maroons, and the Refugees.
The Public Archives of Canada, a uniquely well-run and organized
depository, contains many basic collections of importance. Among these
are the Canadian “G” series, consisting of dispatches and ancillary records
relating to the office of the governor-general. Of this record group’s
twenty-three numbered subseries, the most valuable were Gl, Despatches
from the Colonial Office, G12, Letter Books of Despatches to the Colonial
�500
A Note on Sources
Office, and G20, Civil Secretary’s Correspondence. The “C” series, British
Military Records, provided much information, especially on the War of
1812 and the rebellion of 1837. Particularly fruitful were Cl, C35, C801,
and Cl 049. The Minutes of the Executive Council, Upper Canada Land
Petitions, State Papers of Upper Canada, transcripts of Letters Patent,
transcripts of Treasury letters to the Naval and Military Departments for
1815-21, the raw censuses of Canada, the internal correspondence for
Quebec, and several miscellaneous volumes of petitions, also added pieces
to the mosaic. The Public Archives Record Centre, a storage depot for
the archives, contained the important General Headquarters Papers re
lating to World War I.
The Public Archives of Nova Scotia, in Halifax, provide equally im
portant data. Beginning with the voluminous Akins Collection (to which
belong most PANS volumes bearing a number in the footnotes), succes
sive archivists have drawn together an exceptional range of material.
Among the official papers are volumes of unpassed bills, the letter books
of the surveyor-general for 1784 to 1824, letters of the lieutenant governor
to the Colonial Office, accounts on the final settlement of the Jamaican
Maroons in Nova Scotia, a variety of petitions, deeds, and bills of sale, a
loose collection of land papers, a bound series of Crown Land Papers,
raw census returns, Council Minutes, the Minute Books of Proceedings
of the Port Roseway Associates, official documents on Old Township and
Loyalist settlements, French documents relating to Acadia, and a number
of miscellaneous volumes (on occasion with incorrect binder’s titles, as
when a volume labeled 1815-18 is found to contain a letter for 1836).
The line between official and unofficial papers is a thin one, of course,
and often impossible to draw. Several of the collections used in the New
Brunswick Museum in Saint John were of this kind. They include the or
der books of the York County Militia, the records of the Provincial Chas
seurs, extracts from King’s County wills, miscellaneous records of the
York County registry office, the record book of the Pennfield settlement,
and a variety of marriage and death certificates. A wide range of papers
pertaining to Crown lands in Ontario, together with the papers of the Edu
cation Department (often referred to as the Ryerson Papers) of Canada
West, are among the most valuable sources in the Ontario Provincial
Archives in Toronto. Deeds, petitions, location tickets, and the papers of
the Toronto City Council for the 1840s (supplemented by minutes of town
meetings held by the Toronto Public Library), also proved useful. The
History Branch of Ontario’s Department of Lands and Forests holds a
substantial number of survey records that were relevant. In Windsor, the
registry office provided lists of property holders, plans for lots, and lists of
burials which helped plot the patterns of black settlement in Essex County.
To the West, the Archives of Saskatchewan and those of British Co-
A Note on Sources
507
lumbia proved especially useful. At the former’s Saskatoon branch, a wide
range of homestead records have been microfilmed, while the Regina
branch hdds films of the provincial Department of Education’s district
files. The British Columbia archives, in Victoria, also hold many official
land records, as well as the correspondence of the Commissioner of Lands
and Works. The Land Titles Office, in Edmonton, Alberta, and the pro
vincial Department of Lands and Forests, also in Edmonton, provided
maps, tax records, and certificates of title.
official records were of great value, since the majority of
XT American
.
Canada arrived via the United States. The National Archives
in Washington holds such diverse collections as the papers of the Con
tinental Congress, the George Washington papers, the Interior Depart
ment’s records on the slave trade and Negro colonization, the Harper’s
Ferry Select Committee files, the records of the Labor and Transportation
Committee for Congested Production Areas (1943-45), the State De
partment’s Decimal Files for the first four decades of the present century,
and dispatches from twenty-one American consulates in Canada, as well as
from American consuls in Nassau, Bahamas; Kingston, Jamaica; and Aux
Cayes, Haiti.
The most important repositories of official and public papers proved to
be in Britain, however. The Public Record Office is an overburdened
ever-ncher storehouse for the colonial, imperial, or diplomatic historian’
and many of its volumes were central to this study. These include eighteen
CO series: 2, 23, 42, 44, 45, 60, 188, 217, 218, 219, 220, 267, 270,
296, 305, 398, 410, and 537; together with FO series 5, 35, 115, and
414. Each of these series may run to hundreds of volumes, as in C042
which consists of over 600 volumes, 131 of which proved to contain relevant
material. H045, confidential extradition prints, the Confidential Minute
Papers on The Gambia, Admiralty series 1, WO series 1 and 61 (the
latter the Jeffery Amherst Papers), the Chatham Papers, and the Head
quarters Papers of the British Army in America also were of use. The
Public Archives of Canada holds microfilms of the CO series, and PANS
holds copies of C0188 and 217-20, although for maximum effectiveness
one must still consult the originals. To these official documents should be
added Additional Manuscripts 15,485 in the British Museum, on exports
and imports of North America, 1768-69.
Private Papers
In the end, however, private papers proved to be of the greatest utility.
On subjects of race personal statements are likely to be franker, more
frequent, and ultimately more unconsciously revealing than the cautious
records of governments can be. If one includes among private papers those
�502
A Note on Sources
of unofficial corporate bodies, such as the Society for the Propagation of
the. Gospel, of the many antislavery societies in Britain, Canada, and the
United States, and of self-help societies, one inevitably will find a more
open, accurate, and fuller expression of opinion and reflection of events
than any official records might provide. Unfortunately, the number of col
lections consulted makes a full critical discussion here impractical.
In the United States, all paths lead to the Library of Congress. There
I drew upon single volumes of papers relating to Sir Guy Carleton and
Sir William Johnson; two boxes and sixteen volumes of materials (the
Edward Vernon and Charles Wager collection) on the slave trade prior
to 1773; Arthur Hamer’s manuscript bibliography on the trade, compiled
at Magdalen College in 1799; collections of papers relating to James Gillispie Birney, John Brown, Edward Everett, Augustus John Foster, Hugh
Gaine, Joshua Giddings, Marcus Gunn, Mrs. Basil Hall, Julia Ward
Howe, Samuel Gridley Howe, John Mitchell, Wendell Phillips, F. W.
Pickens and M. L. Bondam, James Redpath, Franklin B. Sanborn, Wil
liam H. Seward, John Sherman, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, B. F. Stevens,
Mary Church Terrell, Booker T. Washington, Theodore Dwight Weld’
Walter White, Elizur Wright, Frances Wright, the Western Anti-Slavery
Society for 1845-57, and the Edith Rossiter Bevan Autograph Col
lection. Most valuable of all was the Carter G. Woodson Collection of
Negro Papers, the minutes of the American Anti-Slavery Society, and
papers of Benjamin, Lewis, and Arthur Tappan. (Several of the letters
from Thomas Clarkson and John Scoble to the Tappans have been re
printed in Anne Heloise Abel and Frank J. Klingberg, eds., “The Tappan
Papers,” JNH, 7 [1927], 128-329, 389-554 and simultaneously in their
A Side Light on Anglo-American Relations, 1839-1858 [Washington].)
Boston is the chief center for research on abolitionism. In the Massa
chusetts Historical Society one may consult the papers of John A. Andrew,
John Brown, George Ellis, Edward Everett, Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Amos A. Lawrence, Edmund Quincy, and Amasa Walker-—all drawn
upon chiefly for unravelling the story of Josiah Henson—as well as the
Francis Parkman Papers. The Boston Public Library holds the papers of
William Lloyd Garrison, the original manuscript of Josiah Henson’s nar
rative as written by Samual A. Eliot, and Lydia Maria Child, Samuel May,
Jr., Amos A. Phelps, and Maria Weston Papers. Across the river in Cam
bridge, at Harvard’s Houghton Library, one may contest wills against the
awkwardly organized Charles Sumner Papers, which include correspon
dence with Clarkson, Eliot, Ellis, Scoble, and Walker, as well as George
Thompson and Hiram Wilson. The Ralph Waldo Emerson and William
H. Siebcrt Collections, the latter consisting of forty-five volumes of clip
pings and notes (three on Canada), and the Houghton theatre collection,
A Note on Sources
503
„W;* Srarv6 On^T P!?ybilIS’ add t0 1116 att^tions of this most ele-
ton.
. Garrison II collections in the Smith College Library in Northamp-
some Thomas: r,n°JeSS riCh' The NeW-York H^al Society provided
some Thomas Clarkson papers and an excellent copy of John Clarkson’s
John’Taylor' Thomas
Sharp’ Gerri‘ Smith! and
n Taylor, Thomas Nyes journal, a single Charles Stuart letter in the
ranaHS!nP !i °f ^eVerend Franc>s Hawks. a miscellaneous collection on
Canada and settlement, correspondence on the slave trade and da
(olhSeFreCd0rdSjc0nthe, S°Ciety f°r Pr°moting Manumission of Slaves’
i?hai w d
oD0UgaSS papers were consulted in the Douglass Me
jssi-sirs.rrr ris s°f™
f
Samuel Ringgold Ward). At Columbia Unive^y one S the oa^s
eorge Plimpton, of Sydney Howard Gay (in fifty badly sorted boxes)
e papers of the Toronto Emigration Office, the John Bartlet BreW ’
antes T. Shotwell and William J. Wilgus coileSo^alfwfth m«
14o tnianCe~a!1i osheu L' S' Alexander Gumby Collection of Negroiana
1910 untTl950 so
“ °ffPpingS on Mack activities collected from
n i
at50, S° orSamzed that one may readily find materials cm
Douglass Marcus Garvey, Jackie Robinson, and riteTsSSfThe
H^ York Geographical Society library has manuscript maps which denote
black settlements m the Maritime Provinces, and playbills and program s
for Tom Shows are in the New York Library for the Perfor2g 1“
sity Ltory whe0reeam0VeS
m°St
t0 the 5y»«w Univera slDgular Private collection was mined. The Gerrit
Brown Jr rIafPherS T"1 volumin°aa correspondence to Smith from John
Brown, Jr Anthony Burns, Thomas Clarkson, James C. Fuller Thomas
Henning, Benjamin Lundy, Samuel J. May, Jr., Joshua R. Giddings Isaac
and^T-p” J°1^.IScoble> JosePh Sturge, George Thompson, Samuel Ward
and Hiram Wilson, as well as subject matter volumes, as for exampie on
J• WrLo!re,HNrbc
1116 SyraCUSe HiSt0riCal Society holds a Me on
gun and the Syracuse Public Library has a useful collection
f genealogical materials. In Rochester, the university preserves the large
�504
A Note on Sources
the Samud D' Porter hoIdin2s on
facts snmf^ ° ^aiIroad- 111 Auburn one may examine a variety of artiCornell n Ca ‘aD’ m the Harriet Tubman Memorial Home- and at
A Note on Sources
505
van
SteinValshdenrCovedCti<?n’
aDd
P3pCrS °£ Ulrich B- P™PS and Gertrude
Society hold's th^e^t£££& w££*££S™
IthrTa\?e C°,le®e ^ aa extensive“rno^
The S^te Hi t S?c J' May antislavery pamphlet file proved of use.
other of AmSl7^ °f Pennsylvania> in Philadelphia, is yet anlectL vi^/
superlative state archives. Here the Simon Grate Coljournal of ffif Spe;eral,mtoest“S items- William Still’s letter book, and the
were
Society Underground Railroad,
John nrr,^F
^he.mmutes
the Pennsylvania Abolition Society
Robert VauxPJames bSi^^A^ S°me Redpath materia1^’ and th®
British Navtdiw®
’ Amencan NeSro History Society, and
-£<£?.£=.izzszxr** N'“by s"nh-
the o™!l6fi0DS ^ m°re WideIy di^ibuted and I researched th
em as
Clements t -u V aros\ usually while on other business. The William L
STof J
UniV£rSity °f Michigan houses the large coUec-'
Sarah orfr ^' ^ The°d°re DwiSht Weld, and Angelina and
ed tfd hv n Abr°ut one-third of the most important manuscripts
were
Birney, 1837-1857 (2 vds^N111
^
°f Iames GilUsPie
Wilson, and Hemy Eftb a e includli p' SC0We’ StUart* StUrge> Walker,
55 “ “
brary has several diaries of Elihu Burri t hft make
7 ^^
materials of Harriet Beecher Stowe—in some sixt^lihrL^ ^ ^ f® h®
GrMe'y Swe^nrighf 1°£ “
the Kansas State Historical Soctefv Thk
f
Eastman PaPers), and
||S£~SHSlsi
.»£^"o=r„ “o£ s*ja,tsron M“- °*™*
ss jS2s t";:*
v^oV^S£mS^aVery-A^iti0n —p“ KreS Z
,"d
m
“st “ ■=* Acrrsss: ssr
-d
and I used a microfilm of the Wickett-WiswaU Collection of EhiahTo633’
joy Papers at Texas Technological College. The Office of the Chief Jr"
Washillgton’ DC> made available within its Historical
Highway
3 V3nety °f manuscriPt ffles <® the building of the Alaskan
treasUrer’s Ietters> and ‘he
r°WS ^ °D the early fugitive slave settle-
Papers in Canada were also dispersed across the continent.
Again, the
most valuable collections were in the Public Archives of Canada
There
one
ss
X^rer::
HeJ holies
ments in Canada West. P ’
At Yale, the James Weldon Johnson
are
Collection, in the Beinecke Li-
orSJSSI,
zz%v ,ue“re ;r "d i”'-1«»=«««*
8
0DSWUt,0n of Vancouver Island’s Confederate League. The Carl
Galt i «”?S“ Afc"n,I“™
officials. The Louis-Hippolyte
Lafontaine Papers were of great use on
the French period, as were the
�si note on sources
extensive transcriptions from the Archives de la Marine (Serie B) and
Archives des colonies (Serie B, C, E, F) in Paris, the general correspon
dence of Intendant Giles Hocquart, Fonds Frangais from the Bibliotheque
Nationale, and a variety of transcripts from the Archives Nationale. The
papers of James Murray, a number of Carleton transcripts, the Ward
Chipman, William King and William Dummer Powell papers, the diary of
Alexander McNeilledge, the Reynolds Family papers, plans of the Elgin
settlement with contemporary maps, and the journal of Mgr. J. O. Plessis
were of substantial use. The PAC also holds microfilms of the annual re
ports, occasional papers, and minute books of the Colonial and Continen
tal Church Society, the originals of which are at McGill University, at the
Methodist Missionary Society chambers in London, and in the British
Museum With the exception of the last, it was the microfilm I used. George
Julien s ‘ Coon” of Laurier is in the National Gallery of Art, also in Ot
tawa.
In Toronto, the Ontario Provincial Archives provided the papers of Wil
liam Canniff, J. George Hodgins, Mrs. Edmund George O’Brien, James R
Roaf, the Robinson and Russell families, John Graves Simcoe, Thomas
Smith, D. E. Stevenson, Bishop John Strachan, and a typescript by John
M. Elson. The University of Toronto added the John Carleton papers;
while the Toronto Public Library, always pleasant and efficient, drew from
its midden the diary of Elizabeth Russell, the papers of Peter Russell,
Robert Baldwin, William Jarvis, and David William Smith, the HubbardAbbott Collection, the manuscript autobiography of Thomas H. Scott,
Mrs. Amelia Harris’s scrapbooks, and a variety of broadsides, playbills'
prospecti, and clippings. All save the Smith papers proved of immense
value. The pamphlet and newspaper holdings of the Victoria University
(Toronto) Archives were of great use. A Bengough sketch satirizing
blacks hangs m the William Lyon Mackenzie House.
Elsewhere in Ontario, the obvious centers of research were Windsor,
London, and Hamilton. The first provides, in its public library, files on the
AME and BME churches, on black activities in the area, and on Amherstburg’s churches and schools. Several private individuals made available to
me family letters, genealogical charts, marginally annotated books, and
maps while the Hiram Walker Historical Museum also possesses maps
miscellaneous Negro papers, and lists of black settlers. Nearby, in the Amerstburg Public Library, the tiny Boyle Collection attested to the presence
of the early missionaries, while the museum of the Fort Malden National
Historical Park offered the account book of David McLaren Kemp, an
undertaker who was racially conscious, the F. C. B. Fall and Farney papers,
assessment rolls, Amherstburg deeds, and miscellaneous fugitive slave
and genealogy files.
507
The second city, London, provides unpublished local histories in both
S6 -!b lCJuar!! and at
University of Western Ontario, while the
Hamfiton Public Library holds a number of Negro-related scrapbooks and
G. C. Porter s manuscript history of the area. McMaster University, in
Hamilton, houses the Canadian Baptist Historical Association collection.
This includes James W. Johanson’s manuscript history of the Amherst
burg Association, 1841-61, the minute book of the Sandwich Baptist
Church, and the minutes of the Western Regular Baptist Association.
Local libraries in Ontario, the province to which the majority of fugitive
slaves fled, cannot be ignored. The Barrie and Orillia public libraries the
Suncoe County Surrogate Court Office (in Barrie), the Norfolk, Lennox
and Addington, and Oxford historical societies, as well as those of Lundy’s
Lane and Thunder Bay (the latter in Port Arthur), and the ChathamKent Museum in Chatham, all hold relevant manuscripts. The last also has
books from William King’s library; and Uncle Tom’s Cabin Museum
near Dresden, displays playbills and artifacts relating to Henson. The of
fice of the Board of Education in Chatham, in the minutes of the Board
of Public School Trustees, and the Grant African Methodist Episcopal
Church in London, through its church records, helped fill in lacunae in
the local story.
The Maritime archives were of slightly less importance. The Public
Archives of Nova Scotia holds individual files on several early settlers
transcripts from the Carleton papers, the diaries of Simeon Perkins (now
available in carefully edited form), a copy of the first volume of John
Clarkson’s diary, an Etter family genealogy, several Ward Chipman papers
and typescript local histories. Unfortunately, the papers of William s’
Fielding remain closed to researchers. Also in Halifax, the public library
m its local history collection, and the provincial library, in its newspaper
holdings, proved of great help. The Cambridge Maritime Military Library
has compiled a file on William Hall, V.C. The libraries of Saint Francis
Xavier University in Antigomsh and Acadia University in Wolfville the
last incorporating the Maritime Baptist Historical Collection, also yielded
scarce pamphlets and journals; and the Colchester Registry Office in
Truro has a relevant registry book. The office of the Halifax ChronicleHerald holds clippings on the singer, Portia White. I am particularly grate
ful to Marjory Whitelaw of Pictou, who loaned me seven reels of taped
reminiscences of, and conversations with, Negroes living in Nova Scotia
in the 1960s.
In New Brunswick, the provincial museum in Saint John provided
papers and files on the Eastman, Hazen, Mayes, Odell, Thompson, and
etsel famihes, and some surviving Chipman papers, together with
numerous scrapbooks. In Fredericton, the University of New Brunswick,
�508
A Note on Sources
the legislative library, and the Rectory office of Christ’s Church, hold local
registers, wills, and minutes. The Saint John Public library has several files
on local Negro activities. The Woodstock Public Library has a small col
lection of petitions. The Charlottetown, P.E.I., Public Library offered
typescript local histories which attest to early Negro arrivals.
In Quebec, Negro-related private materials were less frequent than one
would expect. The Chateau de Ramezay, in Montreal, has a manuscript
record on slavery in New France, while the Archives du Palais de Justice
attest to sales, births, marriages, baptisms, deaths, and burials. The Mc
Cord Museum of McGill University, in the Porteous Manuscripts, and the
McGill University Library in its local history materials, were of some
value. The provincial archives in Quebec hold the manuscript second vol
ume to Marcel Trudel’s study, wills and other actuarial records, and tran
scripts of the Ordres du Roi. The Brome County Historical Society in
Knowlton offers local manuscripts and files. The single most valuable col
lection in the province, however, is one not generally open to the public:
the records of the Canadian Labour Congress’s Joint Advisory Commit
tee on Human Relations, originally kept at the Workman’s Circle Center
in Montreal. Extensive and highly revealing, these records tell of annual
trips into the Maritime Provinces, as well as within Quebec, to note and
combat instances of overt discrimination. These, together with folders on
discrimination in the Toronto office of the Human Rights Commission,
provided the single greatest non-newspaper source of data on the 1950s
and early 1960s. The collection includes mimeographed reports on activities, normally issued eleven times a year, files of local union news
papers, newsletters of municipal employee groups, and carbons of correspondence with representatives in the field. In the end, relatively little
of this material was incorporated into the present study since the decision
was made to limit it largely to the years before 1960.
Across western Canada private collections helped tell the story of Negro
settlement, although interviews proved to be the most valuable source for
the prairie and mountain provinces since most settlement was within
the memory of living men. The Archives of British Columbia hold the
reminiscences of John Sebastian Helmcken, the diaries and account books
of Wellington D. Moses, the diary, correspondence, and record books of
Edward Cridge, the diaries of Reverend Ebenezer Robson and of Augus
tus F. Pemberton, the South Saanich Public School Visitor’s Journal, tran
scripts relating to the Colonial Missionary Society, several questionnaires
directed to early pioneers, and letters written by J. S. Matthews concerning early black settlers. The Vancouver City Archives, in the Vancouver
Public Library, has other Matthews correspondence and local clipping
files, and Victoria’s City Hall gave me documents signed by Mifflin Wistar
A Note on Sources
509
Gibbs, which I will deposit with the Yale University Library. L_.
The
University of British Columbia and Victoria University, in Victoria, hold
scarce pamphlets. The Central Saanich Baptist Church records, in that
church, attest to other Negro settlers, while the Nanaimo Archives has a
smgle document on
Stark family. Interviews on Saltspring Island,
as well as in Vancouver, proved of great importance.
On the prairies, private papers were less useful. The Glenbow Foundation Archives, in Calgary, holds typescripts and taped interviews with
Nettie Ware and seven other black settlers, related papers, and letters on
the settlements. The Edmonton Public Library has a clipping file on the
Ware family, and the Rutherford Library at the University of Alberta, in
Edmonton, has several manuscript local histories. So, too, does the
Saskatchewan Legislative Library, the University of Saskatchewan, and
the North Battleford and Moose Jaw public libraries. Again, interviews
in Amber Valley, Breton, Wildwood, Lloydminster, and Calgary, Alberta
and in Maidstone and Battleford, Saskatchewan, proved of greater value.
In Great Britain records are voluminous, cherished, yet nonetheless not
so well cared for as in North America. Most collections in the British
Museum take on a semiofficial character, as with the Bright, Clarkson,
Chatham, Cobden, Haldimand, Layard, Liverpool, Peel, and Sturge
papers. The BM reading room is unparalleled, of course, for yielding up
rare pamphlets, such as the annual reports of the Sierra Leone Company
or the Elgin Association; odd copies of the Nova Scotia Packet for 1786,
almanacks, and other printed primary sources. The Archives of the Hud
son’s Bay Company, at London’s Beaver House, provided many references
to Negroes in the fur trade. Somerset House on the Strand, through its
wills; the College of Arms, in its modest Joseph Brant file; the West India
Committee Library, in the minutes of that body for the nineteenth century;
the visitor’s register in the Lambeth Palace Library; and the Estlin Papers
in Dr. Williams Library—all in London, also proved helpful. University
College, London, houses the papers of Lord Brougham, which fortunately
include a full, annotated index to that collection’s fifty thousand letters.
Of particular value for this study were the various archives and libraries
of the London-based missionary societies. The Society for the Propagation
of the Gospel was exceptionally important. It holds the account and
minute books of the Associates of Dr. Bray, the Canadian Papers of that
group, abstracts of proceedings, the journals and reports of the SPG, and
special West African and Nova Scotian files, together with the Houseal cor
respondence and many pamphlets. The original SPG letters from Nova
Scotia are contained in a file box labeled “Dr. Bray’s Associates, Canadian
Papers.” While most of this material is now on microfilm at the PAC, the
film is unusually difficult to use, and one is well advised to consult the
�510
A Note on Sources
originals if at all possible. The Muniment Room of the Methodist Mis
sionary Society holds twenty boxes of letters from the Canadian colonies
to London, of which six were pertinent. (All are on microfilm in the United
Church of Canada Archives at Victoria University, Toronto.) The Society
for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge preserves annual reports and
lists of votes for grants of money; the Church Missionary Society held
relevant journals; and Friends’ House contains letters to and from Phila
delphia that proved relevant, as well as the journals of John Candler and
his wife.
The other great classification of records in Britain upon which I drew
were those of antislavery groups. By far the most important is the large
antislavery collection at Rhodes House, Oxford. This consists of most of
the papers of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (and the AntiSlavery and Aborigines Protection Society), which are systematically
transferred from the latter body’s headquarters at Denison House, in Lon
don, to Rhodes House, every ten years. (The Society retains a small re
search library, the Thomas Binns Collection of pamphlets, some reports
of the Sierra Leone Company, and a modern file on Sierra Leone for the
period of independence.) Rhodes House holds the early minute books,
memorials and petitions, correspondence, and files of the printed Annual
Reports and of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Reporter, from 1840.
These papers were acquired in 1951. To them have been added manuscripts on the South African Labour Corps of World War I, which grew
from an offshoot of the Society—the Committee for the Welfare of Afri
cans in Europe—and manuscripts relating to Indians in Canada. The antislavery papers have been edited and microfilmed, with an introduction by
Howard R. Temperley, the author of a forthcoming study on the AngloAmerican antislavery connection which I have read in manuscript.
Elsewhere in the United Kingdom one finds a variety of lesser collec
tions. The Earl Fitzwilliam Papers, in the Sheffield Central Library
Archives, and other Fitzwilliam Papers in the Northamptonshire Record
Office at Delapre Abbey, were relevant to the story of Sir John Went
worth. The Southampton Civic Record Office has made available the papers
of George S. Smyth. Wilberforce House, at Kingston upon Hull, the Ips
wich Central Library, and the East Suffolk and Ipswich Record Office in
Ipswich hold papers of the ubiquitous Thomas Clarkson. Other Clarkson
letters are in the hands of Thomas Hodgkin, of Oxford, who was kind
enough to grant me access to them at his home in Umington; and in the
Granville Sharp papers, at Hardwicke Court, Gloucester, which LieutenantColonel A. Lloyd-Baker, their owner, made available. The John Rylands
Library in Manchester has some George Thompson materials and the
Crawford Muniments, containing letters written by Earl Balcarres. The
Royal Archivist at Windsor Castle consulted the appointments book of
A Note on Sources
511
Queen Victoria for me, while the Greenwich Naval Library microfilmed
the log of the Sandown, which touches upon the Asia. The National
Library of Scotland, in Edinburgh, has the Edward Ellice Papers, while
the papers of the Earl of Dalhousie, in the Scottish Record Office, contain
correspondence with Bathurst for the Refugee period. The County Archives
of the East Riding of Yorkshire, in Beverley, holds one such letter. There
are Simcoe Papers in the National Library of Wales in Aberystwyth and in
the Devon Record Office, Exeter. A petition from Hitchin, Herts., relating
to the fugitive slaves in Canada, listed by Charles O. Paullin and Frederic
L. Paxson in their 1914 Guide to the Manuscripts in London Archives for
the History of the United States since 1783 (Washington), as being in the
House of Lords Papers, could not be traced.
Some records that one would like to consult are apparently gone for
ever. We know that the papers of Reverend Daniel Cock, as well as most
of those of Benjamin Lundy, were destroyed by fire. None of the original
records of the Anti-Slavery Society of Canada have been preserved out
side the George Brown papers. The papers of Sam Hughes appear not to
have survived in any quantity. Materials relating to T. B. Macaulay are
said to exist in a garage in suburban Montreal although efforts to gain
access to them failed. While the widows of both Marcus Garvey and Rich
ard Wright sent me various printed materials, they were unable to make
available any manuscript collections. No references to the Fort Erie meet
ing survive in the papers of W. E. B. DuBois, now in the hands of Herbert
Aptheker, who kindly searched them for me. One could also wish
that registers of marriage had been kept in Ontario prior to 1867, but they
were not, and thus only Anglican and Roman Catholic interracial marriages could be documented for Canada West.
Archives in other lands proved of marginal utility. In Bermuda, the
Bahamas, and Jamaica, local archives, public libraries, and churches
yielded records relating to the period when Canadian-West Indian Union
was under desultory discussion. This documentation is cited in my recent
short monograph, subtitled A Forty-Year Minuet (London, 1968). The
Jamaican Institute, the public library of Montego Bay, and the University
of the West Indies hold rare printed materials on the Maroon Wars. The
Sierra Leone Archives, in Freetown, contain John Clarkson’s draft diary,
while the library of the University of Sierra Leone has the diaries of
George Ross. In Freetown I interviewed some members of the Sierra
Leone Settlers’ Descendents League. In Bathurst, The Gambia, I passed
an exciting week in anticipation while working through the archives—then
totally unorganized and strewn about a small shed—to find only two docu
ments relating to the Nova Scotians, duplicated elsewhere. By chance, the
diary of Thomas Haweis, in the Mitchell Library, Sydney, Australia, while
being searched for another purpose, helped to confirm one aspect of the
�J14
A Note on Sources
Nova Scotian migration. In Paris, visits to the Bibliotheque Nationale, the
Archives Nationale, and related archives confirmed that the transcripts
(many handwritten) in the PAC and in Quebec were full and accurate
Finally, one must note other papers which remain in private hands but
which nonetheless were made available to me, in addition to those men
tioned above. Fred Landon’s private collection, to which that devoted
scholar gave all interested historians ready access, proved to be of great
value, especially on the 1840s and 1850s. Consulted in Professor Landon s home in London, Ontario, these materials have been transfered si
nee
his death in 1969 to the University of Western Ontario. Of only slightly
less value were the records kept in the Cornwallis Street Baptist Church
in Halifax. These include the reports of the African Association of Nova
Scotia, and also of the Nova Scotia Association for the Advancement
of Colored People together with extensive church records. Other churches
in British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario, and Nova Scotia also opened up
their records. The documents of the Negro Community Centre in Monfreal, made selectively available by Stanley Cylke, and those of the
Canadian Labour Congress, discussed above, were particularly useful So
too was the private collection of Mr. Alvin McCurdy of Amherstburg who
has drawn together many local records on the Negro community along the
Detroit River. At the Harvard School of Public Health I was given unrestneted access to the original research transcripts of the “Stirling County”
project, which includes raw data on Negro residents in Digby County, Nova
acoua.
1 advertized for individuals to come forward with materials, and a number did so In this way files, letters, and clippings were made available on
Matthew Henson, by Herbert M. Frisby of Baltimore; on John Ware bv
ettie Ware of Kirkaldy, Alberta; on Henry Yandusen, an early black
settler, by Glen Ladd of Dresden; on J. B. Harkin, by Miss Dora Barber
of Ottawa; on Negro Freemasonry in Canada, by Reginald V. Harris of
Halifax; and on the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and the British
Columbia Association for the Advancement of Colored People, by Frank
Collms of Burnaby. Mrs. Keith Staebler loaned her notes on New Road
and her letters to her husband, written at the time; the Reverend William P.
G l!f’ f1S,h°P W- L WaUs> and Reverends Charles Este and Winston
• H. Clarke, as well as Messrs. Stanley G. Grizzle and Daniel G Hill all
made personal items available. Cecil Flarmsworth King kindly permitted’the
author to examine his copy of John Clarkson’s diary in his office at the
London Daily Mirror. (This diary has since gone to the University of
Illinois.) Many others wrote letters of reminiscence, provided references
sent clippings from local newsapers, and simply offered encouragement in
response to my appeals printed in a variety of j'ournals.
A Note on Sources
513
Printed Materials
been indiciateddabovpOIAeS vT
^ scarce Published materials have
. f
. . e' A Wlde vanety
printed sources, especially annual
reports of societies and government agencies, is cited in the notel These
18971 fr?i> It6 leSU!‘ Relations and AUied Documents (Cleveland
211; ed:ted^y Reuben Gold Thwaites> through the annual reports of
die Education Department of Nova Scotia. Wherever possible the originals
bv Pauff rnatenals have been consulted, as with the Relation of 1632,
d n ‘1 Je.une; Whl^h ,s ln the John Carter Brown Library in Provi°f parUcular value were the annual reports of the Canadian League
n7th \r v"CeTn
C° °red People’ of the United Baptist Convention
bers 3
T
°£ ““ Elgin Associatio11 (°f which only numbers 3, 4, 6-7, and 10-11 appear to have survived,
although number 2 is
quoted in the Voice of the Fugitive for November 5, 1851, and number 5
m Bcnjamms Drews work), and of the British Columbia Association for
the Advancement of Colored People. Some reports that one expected to
p °f value—those of the Upper Canada Committee of the Society for the
Propaga ion of the Gospel m Foreign Parts, for example—proved of little
use whde others that one ordinarily would pass over (the Proceedings of
the Semi-Annual and Annual Session of the Grand Lodge of A.F and A
A widT °
fT ' - ' } W6re f0Und t0 conta“ Negro-related records.
A wide range of almanacs, maps, novels, artifacts (as with Negro berry bas
kets preserved in the Citadel Museum in Halifax), and “association items”
!nn-'cTCr^ , ,° be!onging to John Scoble> or l°^s of Thomas Clarkson s hair) helped to demonstrate a relationship, an activity, or an attitude.
Other contemporary materials are less difficult to find. The British
Canadian, and provincial Hansard’s, for example, provide most of the
evidence on the legislative record. The published accounts by fugitive
Josiah FT
^ 7w7 WeUS Br°Wn’ Uwis Clarke- Frederick Douglass,
osiah Henson, J. W. Loguen, Austm Steward, or Samuel Ringgold Ward
ell WC°ntem^r7 cW°rks of Beniamin Drew, Levi Coffin, Samuel
Tosenhy<S°We’ 7?“ { E' Lmt0n’ Harriet Beecher Stowe, Charles Stuart,
Joseph Stage, and others, are all central to this study. The value of most
of these is mdicated at the appropriate places in the
notes.
Newspapers
and
Magazines
While newspapers are a particularly valuable source for the historian
they also present special problems. Full files of any except the major met
ropolitan papers are not likely to have survived and if one wishes to con
sult an entire run of a single newspaper, issues often must be pieced
•
�?
514
A Note on Sources
together from a variety of locations. Viewed as a source of data, a single
issue of a single paper has its values; viewed, as in this study, as a source
of public opinion, and as a molder of that opinion as well, longer and co
herent runs of a paper are essential. Before accepting a news item, the
historian must do what he can to verify its version against other types of
sources or, failing such sources, against another newspaper. The re
searcher must know of the newspaper’s ownership, the politics of its man
agement and of its editors, the extent to which it may be dependent upon
advertising revenue for survival, and the nature of its readership. Ob
viously, news concerning Negro activities that appears in a Negro news
paper differs from news that appears in an anti-Negro paper. Equally
obviously, the estimate given to the size of an abolitionist meeting by the
antislavery Toronto Globe is to be set off against an estimate provided by
the anti-abolitionist Toronto Leader, although not necessarily equally. The
editorial opinions of Toronto’s Christian Guardian will spring from differ
ent sources than the opinions expressed by a secular press. And one must
view distinctions within their time, for most nineteenth-century newspapers
in North America, even if overtly secular, employed biblical and racial
rhetoric on their editorial pages.
Apart from the problem of interpretation there is, when dealing with
the press of the last century and a half, the added problem of quantity.
The nineteenth century was a time of thriving local newspapers, and for
a full understanding of what Canadians read about black men (or about
events which would have given rise to thoughts about black men, as re
porting on the Civil War and Reconstruction in the United States did),
one might reasonably be expected to examine many dozens of titles. In
the twentieth century, with the growth of massive Sunday newspapers, of
supplements, and of advertising, the researcher must contend with a bulk
beyond the capacity of any one person. Yet these newspapers demand
examination, for on their editorial pages, in their news items, among the
social notes, through those letters to the editor which they chose to print,
and even in the products they advertized, one may find frequent suggestions
of racial awareness. A full content analysis of the Canadian press on this
subject would be a lengthy study in itself (and very possibly not worth
while).
Accordingly, I narrowed the range of research in two ways. Leaving
myself thirty-two newspapers which I examined personally and—to the
extent that complete files were available—on an issue-by-issue basis, I
chose forty-five other newspapers, largely weeklies, which both I and
bursary assistants examined on the basis of specific known events, or in
the light of a bulking of Negro-related news items in the initial twentythree papers. These thus came to comprise a “control” group. Further,
since it quickly became apparent that no single researcher could keep
A Note on Sources
515
abreast of press opinion and news items in the decade of the 1960s (dur
ing which time this investigation was made) while carrying out other re
search as well, I sought professional help. From 1960 to 1968 the
Canadian Press Clipping Service of Toronto supplied weekly sets of material drawn from the entire spectrum of the Canadian press, including
all items referring to Negroes—whether in the United States or Canada—
and to discrimination, against whatever group. The specific newspapers
drawn upon, 210 titles in all, are indicated seriatim in the footnotes. A
full list would be superfluous here, as well as unduly cumbersome,
especially since masthead titles often changed two or three times. These
clippings have also been given to the Schomburg Collection.
Certain newspapers were of particular help. Fortunately, many are now
available on microfilm from the Canadian Library Association; and the
Public Archives of Canada, which has runs of all those on film, will loan
its microfilm holdings. The Ontario Public Archives provides many others.
In this way one could examine, for example, the Amherstburg Echo for
1888-1949, the Charlottetown Islander for 1853-65, the Chatham
Journal for 1841-44, the Chatham Planet for 1850-58, The Christian
Guardian for 1837-39, the Fredericton New Brunswick Royal Gazette for
1786-1816, the Halifax Acadian Recorder for 1813-1919, the Halifax
Herald for 1897-1938, the Halifax Journal for 1796-1817, the Halifax
Morning Chronicle for 1884-1969, the Halifax Novascotian for 1841-47,
the Halifax Royal Gazette for 1752-1824, the Hamilton Spectator for
1916-47, the London Free Press for 1859-1969, the Montreal Gazette
for 1840-1969, the Montreal Witness for 1846-54, the Quebec Gazette
for 1768-94, the Saint John Globe for 1847-1912, the Saint John New
Brunswick Courier for 1849-52, the Saint John Royal Gazette for 17841800, the Toronto Globe for 1850-1969 (in later years the Globe &
Mail), the Toronto Financial Post for 1942-69, the Toronto Mail and
Empire for 1911-28, the Toronto Star for 1930-65, the Toronto Tele
gram for 1924-69, the Vancouver Province for 1935-69, the Victoria
Colonist for 1859-1969, the Victoria Daily Evening Express for 1863-65,
and the York Upper Canada Gazette for 1793-1838. The Maidstone Mirror
for 1943-53 is on microfilm in the Saskatchewan archives. Joseph Howe’s
personal copies of The Nova Scotia Chronicle and Weekly Advertiser,
together with the Nova Scotia Gazette and Weekly Chronicle, both from
Halifax, are in the PANS. For background on many of these papers at mid
nineteenth century, see Helen Elliot, comp., Fate, Hope and Editorials:
Contemporary Accounts and Opinions in the Newspapers, 1862-1873,
Microfilmed by the CLA/ACB Microfilm Project (Ottawa, 1967).
Another approach was to examine, in so far as possible, all of the press
of a single key community. For this purpose Windsor was chosen, and
extant files of the Windsor Herald, Daily Star, and Daily Record, were
�516
A Note on Sources
consulted. For Halifax, in addition to the papers cited above, the Nova
Scotia Packet, Weekly Chronicle, Mail-Star, Herald, and Evening Mail
were used.
Particularly important, of course, were the abolitionist newspapers. In
Canada these were the Voice of the Fugitive, published in Windsor from
1851 to 1852 (with a file in the Burton Historical Collection of the Detroit
Public Library); The Provincial Freeman, from Chatham, 1853-ca. 1857
(the originals of which are in the University of Pennsylvania Library), the
short-lived Voice of the Bondsman, from Stratford (with a single 1856
copy surviving in the library of the University of Western Ontario), and
The True Royalist, of Hamilton (of which two copies may be found in
the Fort Malden Museum). In the United States there were far more such
newspapers, and they have survived longer. Those that were searched (al
though there is much duplicated content among them) were the National
Anti-Slavery Standard from New York, 1840-70 (New York Public Li
brary), The Friend of Man, 1836-38 (on film), Garrison’s Boston-based
Liberator, 1831-65, The Oberlin Evangelist for 1848-53 only, The AntiSlavery Record, New York, 1835-37, Anti-Slavery Examiner, New York,
1836-45, American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Reporter, New York,
1840-46, Anti-Slavery Lecturer, from Utica, N.Y., 1839, The Emanci
pator, New York, 1834—49, and the National Anti-Slavery Bazaar, Boston,
1845-50 (all at Yale); The Genius of Universal Emancipation, Benjamin
Lundy’s parapetetic newspaper, 1821—39 (The Johns Hopkins University
Library); and Frederick Douglass’ Paper, for 1853, and the Salem, Ohio,
Anti-Slavery Bugle, 1845-60 (both LC). Also consulted was the New
York Herald for 1854—71, which is not cited in the footnotes since it was
drawn upon heavily in a previous book by the author, and since most of
its news items on Negro activities in Canada were reprinted from other
sources. Of the greatest value was the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery
Reporter to which ‘and Aborigines Friend' was later added, published in
London 1840-1966 (Yale University Library, 1840-57, 1859-67, and
1857—59 on microfilm).
American and Canadian Negro newspapers were a chief source of in
formation and opinion. All Canadian Negro newspapers and magazines,
as discussed in Chapter 13, were researched on an issue-for-issue basis.
Locations of files are discussed in the notes to that chapter. Of some sixtythree American Negro newspapers available on microfilm by 1968,
eighteen were used. Those that proved to be helpful were the St. Paul
Appeal and St. Paul Broad Axe (not to be confused with the Chicago Broad
Ax, which was also consulted), The Elevator, from San Francisco, in which
Mifflin Wistar Gibb’s articles appeared, New York’s Amsterdam News, the
Pittsburg Courier, the Detroit Plaindealer, and the Cleveland Gazette.
A Note on Sources
517
Several newspapers were used at the office of the papers themselves, on
occasion with the aid of an informal index compiled locally for in-house
purposes. That this method of approach was useful may be shown by the
Saint John Telegraph. Two important items relating to the Refugee
Negroes of the 1820s, drawn from reminiscences of early settlers in Nova
Scotia, appeared in issues in 1875 and 1884. The New Freeman, a Roman
Catholic newspaper, also of Saint John, and read in that paper’s library,
first revealed in its issues for 1903 the controversy with Neith magazine’
as related in Chapter 13. The Toronto Star's clipping file proved of great
use as well. Regrettably, two files of newspapers that might well have en
riched the story told here were not found: The Truro News, of which only
a post-1949 run survives in that paper’s office, following upon a fire in
that year; and the Dresden Times, published weekly from 1872 into the
1890s.
Magazines, like newspapers, are organs of opinion. The number of
articles on Negro-related subjects, as well as their content, is one index
to the degree of interest in the “Negro problem.” Articles on race relations
in the United States, appearing in contemporary Canadian periodicals__
Atlantic Advocate, Commentary, Canadian Forum, Canada Week,
Maclean's, Saturday Night—reveal much about the use of the Negro as a
metaphor in the relations between the two countries. Articles in welfareoriented journals, such as Canadian Labour Reports, the Journals of Edu
cation for both Ontario and Nova Scotia, Canadian Welfare, L'Action
nationale, The Labour Gazette, The Journal of the Y.M.C.A., The Angli
can, or The United Church Record and Missionary Review, increasingly
contain Negro-related materials. American journals, especially in the nine
teenth century, had occasion to report on the progress of the fugitives in
Canada and, later, on race relations in the Dominion. Thus, Atlantic
Monthly, The Chautauquan, The Literary Digest, The Living Age, the New
York Times Magazine, The North American Review, Outlook, Scribner's
and The Southern Workman, all contain relevant matter. So, too, do reli
gious periodicals in both countries: Acadia Bulletin, American Missionary,
The [Canadian] Baptist Magazine and Missionary Register, Canadian
Christian, Canadian Evangelist, Freewill Baptist Quarterly, Gospel Tribune
and Christian Communionist, The Maritime Baptist, The United Church
Observer, the Upper Canada Baptist Missionary Magazine, and several
others. The most important British publications were the American Baptist
Free Mission Society (seen in the American Antiquarian Society),
Arminian Magazine, Baptist Annual Register, The Colonial Protestant,
Free Church of Scotland Monthly, and Herald of Peace. British and
Canadian popular periodicals were of substantial help'. These include
�518
A Note on Sources
A Note on Sources
519
Of Riches (1957) or The Innocent Traveller (1949) respectivelv Still
clnadiln erilS,S;
Anglo-American Magazine, Canadian Antiquarian,
prrj
Il‘ustrfed News- Canadian Magazine, The European Magazine
Monthlv’l d yp Cana?en‘ The Imperial Magazine, Knox College
Journal'TheTn
The Maple Lea<- Numismatic
Z ,'T
A Llterary and AntiSl™ery Journal, and The Unirsity agazine. Special interest publications were often of value- Ca
nadian Cigar and Tobacco Journal, Canada-West Indies Magazine, McDuff
!ro, r';
v?" Merchant, West India Commercial Cir-
cuiar, or the New York organ of the Ku Klux Klan, the American
Standard.
fun?seSdatA°nS °f \nd fM Canadiaa and American Negroes were careMly searched. Among these were those magazines discussed in Chapter 13
journal rt AtS A/kan In!erpreter’ African Repository and Colonial
i
, ' _ Afro~Ame/ican Magazine, The AME Church Review Amherstburg Quarterly Mission Journal, The Black Man, The Black Worker
c2Ze/r!nenCanr Challense’ The stored American Magazine, The
Th M Ha,vesl- Crisis, Ebony, The Freedman’s Advocate, The Informer
PalmTh^’v68™ Dl8eSt (D0W BlaCk W°rld)’ Negr0 World> Pine and
Palm, The Spoken Word," and The Street Speaker.
Most of the above were consulted at the Library of Congress the Yale
University Lib™,, ,b, British Mnsenm, or the&hombTJ CoM™
Exceptions are the Canadian religious periodicals, read in the New York
Pubhc Library, at Acadia University, McMaster University, the Union
SoStTtP S”r{/New Y°* City), the American Bapiist Historic^
y ( ochester, New York), or the Southwestern Baptist Theological
v^Tvh F°rlWonh)- Four earlier journals were consulted at the Har
vard library: American Baptist Magazine and Missiona,y Intelligencer
nublSdSe“sBatptlS‘ Maftme, Massachusetts Missionary Magazine (all
published m Boston), and Vermont Baptist Missionary Magazine
(Ruttwe^fl
J’°UrAnaIS gave
t0 othera> of a secular nature, in the
twentieth century. Again, as m the 1920s so in the 1960s, Canadian fiction
m magazines and books reflected continental norms, and the black man was
set to play the same roles in Canadian as in American fiction. Negroes be
gan to appear with regularity in Canadian novels, still as stock figures but
now supporting °*T stereotyPes- Mazo de la Roche wrote her poorest
h k’!fr0miP8 at Jahla (1961). about pro-Southern Canadians during the
r
Civil War; Ernest Buckler, a highly regarded Maritime novelist, was to
prove unexpectedly graceless when he attempted to hint at prejudice in
Nova Scotia’s classrooms in his 1959 short story, “Long, Long after School”
(A fanttc Advocate, 52 [1959], 42-44); and even GabrieUe Roy and Ethel
Wilson, fastidious writers both, could not bring black men to life in Street
D.«, ,„d tvtog L„lm,
r„ -rs-sri«2r- “d ^ i»«"
L™‘
undesirable Negroes, so did lib.,1
men
novels: The Apprenticeship of Daddy KravTtz (1959) r/! .SUCCessi011 °f
(1963), and CociW (1968) It wa left to 1’
Ineom*rdHe
srr “
covertly and frequently overtly-had become part of tte
baggage for the Canadian of the 1960s, a far wfder range ofmaterids S
.h...*h te
Zta p=Jddts^™ d”i «S
o?r“! ,0,bl'Clt-Whl“ "“«=>">■'- Few r«LS ,„ fa,t ,o nS
of the journals mentioned above, have been incorporated into the footnotes
rightly the provmce of the social scientist than of the humanist*1*10118 m°le
I
Still, , not all knowledge arises from the printed word. Interviews with
mo„
many dozens: of Canadian Negroes, from Cape Breton Uland to Vancou
!!L“’ fPSd t0 Provide a background of attitudes, recollections
regrets, and pleasures for the post-1865 years. Seldom
’
was I refused the
�1
I
520
A Note on Sources
gift of time, attention, and of being taken seriously; often this gift was
accompanied by a willingness to bring out faded photographs, wedding
invitations, and family Bibles, the visual evidence of a past that was
thought worth remembering. Such items are not “documents” to add to the
piling of note upon note—no more than the casual conversation with a
black laborer, a sidewalk artist, or a school custodian may be—but they
provide above all the interest and the pleasure to sustain the more traditional search for evidence. There are many thousands of Negroes in
Canada to whom I was not able to talk, and this study is the weaker for
that. It is nonetheless much the stronger for the help of those with whom
I could talk, for the fact that no one appeared to feel that the end result
would lack “relevance” to the continuing black experience.
These contacts often took place at the scenes of events described in
this book, for no archive can provide a substitute for traversing the ground
of history itself. One must see for oneself precisely where William King’s
house stood, or William Peyton Hubbard was buried, or John Clarkson
spoke to the assembled Nova Scotians. To see the Cockpit Country of
Jamaica; to view Freetown from the heights above Fourah Bay; to write
upon a table in Kingston upon Hull where Wilberforce wrote—in short, to
experience the place, the sight, and occasionally the sound of history is to
remind oneself that the historian must always use that slight gift of intuition
which makes the leaps of faith he takes between evidence and conclusion
possible. It is in such places and moments as these, as well as in the con
tinuing chase within the confines of an archive, that the historian must
ever seek his pleasure and his sole reward.
Index
In the index, as well as the text, hyphens appear in French-Canadian names when
their owners generally used them, and otherwise not. Place names in Canada but not
stanhvCHnameS d“Where’ are indexed- °nly ^ose footnotes which contain sub
discussion of a point are included in the index. The maps are omitted, as is
the Note on Sources, except for pages 512 and 519-20.
Abbott, Anderson Ruffin, 328-32 passim Afro-American Press Association, 393
335, 412n41
Afro-Beacon, The, 404
Abbott, Ellen Toyer, 328-29
Agnew, Stair, 44, 108, 109
Abbott, Wilson Ruffin, 211, 212, 226 Alake of Abeokuta, 167
255, 328-29, 357, 367
Alberta: settlement in, 287; Oklahoma
Acadia University, 350, 383
Negroes in, 303, 305-06; civil rights
Activism: in the church, 351-52; growth
legislation in, 428
of, 414-68
Alcan project, 422
Adams, Elias, 258
Alexander, Arthur, 314
Adams, Grantley Herbert, 442
Alexander, Charles, 277
Addington, 133
Alexander, Lincoln, 459-60, 489, 494
Adolphustown, 33
Allan, William, 352
Africa: migrations to Sierra Leone, 44, Allen, Isaac, 44, 108, 109
56, 57, 61-78, 90-94; Bulama settle Allen, Richard, 154-55, 355
ment in, 74, 75; settlement in Liberia, Allen, William, 152
154; Canadian reaction to apartheid Amber Valley, 303, 306, 308, 381
in, 445-48
Amelia Island, 116
African Aid Society, 168
American and Foreign Anti-Slavery So
African Association of Nova Scotia, 512
ciety, 173, 263, 264
African Baptist Association of Nova American Anti-Slavery Society, 149 179
Scotia, 139
220,236,263,490
’
*
African Methodist Episcopal Church American Baptist, The, 342
(AME), 154, 231, 355-60, 394
American Baptist Anti-Slavery Conven
African Methodist Episcopal Zion
tion, 219
Church (AMEZ), 355, 359
American Baptist Free Mission Society
African Orthodox Church, 354, 415
200-03 passim, 206, 230-31, 342
African Students Association of the American Baptist Missionary Union, 342
United States and Canada, 442
American Colonization Society, 154-55
African United Baptist Association of
162, 257
*
Nova Scotia, 139, 345-48 passim, American Missionary Association
386-87
(AMA), 207-08, 224-27, 271, 397
African United Nations Emergency
American Nazi Party, 468n66
Force, 445-46
American Revolution, affect on Negroes
Africa Speaks, 404, 408-09, 412/z40
29-31,46,61
“
3
Africville, 130, 348, 383, 384, 389, 411
American Tract Society, 221, 222
420, 441, 452-56
Amherst, 27, 52
Afro-American Council, 359
Amherst, Jeffrey, 24
521
�
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Lyman Wilmot House
Description
An account of the resource
This collection consists of records related to the Deerfield Public Library's research into whether or not the Wilmot house could be proved to have been a stop on the Underground Railroad.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Deerfield Public Library
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Deerfield Public Library
Publisher
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Deerfield Public Library
Date
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2002
Language
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English
Identifier
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DPL.0013
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
A Note on Sources
The Blacks in Canada: A History
Description
An account of the resource
Photocopy from The Blacks in Canada of a section entitled "A Note on Sources." Some highlighting.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Winks, Robin W.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Yale University Press
Date
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1971
Language
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English
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
DPL.0013.033
A Bibliography of Antislavery in America
A Forty-Year MInuet
A Select Bibliography of the American Negro
A Side Light on Anglo-American Relations
A. Lloyd-Baker
Abby K. Foster
Aberystwyth Wales United Kingdom
Abolitionist Newspapers
Abstracts
Acadia Bulletin
Acadia Documents
Acadia University
Acadia University Library
Acadiensis Magazine
Activities
Actuarial Records
Adams Tolman
Addington Historical Society
Addington Ontario Canada
Adolphustown Canada
Advertising Revenue
Africa
Africa Speaks
African Aid Society
African American Fremasonry
African American Newspapers
African Americana
African Association of Nova Scotia
African Canadian Newspapers
African Methodist Episcopal Church
African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church
African Orthodox Church
African Repository and Colonial Journal
African Students Association of the United States and Canada
African United Baptist Association of Nova Scotia
African United Nations Emergency Force
Africville
Afro-American Council
Afro-American Press Association
Alake of Abeokuta
Alaskan Highway
Alberta Canada
Alberta Churches
Alberta Civil Rights Legislation
Alberta Department of Lands and Forests
Alcan Project
Alexander Crummell
Alexander McNeilledge
Alexander Tilloch Galt
Almanacs
Alvin McCurdy
Amasa Walker
Amber Valley
Amber Valley Alberta Canada
AME Church
Amelia Harris
Amelia Island
American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Reporter
American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society
American Anti-Slavery Society
American Antiquarian Society
American Antiquarian Society Stephen and Abby K. Foster Papers
American Baptist Anti-Slavery Convention
American Baptist Free Mission Society
American Baptist Free Mission Society Magazine
American Baptist Historical Society
American Baptist Magazine and MIssionary Intelligencer
American Baptist Missionary Union
American Civil War
American Colonization Society
American Consulates
American Missionary Association
American Missionary Magazine
American Nazi Party
American Negro History Society
American Reconstruction Era
American Revolution
American Standard Magazine
American Tract Society
Amherst
Amherstburg Association
Amherstburg Churches
Amherstburg Deeds
Amherstburg Echo
Amherstburg Ontario Canada
Amherstburg Public Library
Amherstburg Public Library Boyle Collection
Amherstburg Quarterly Mission Journal
Amherstburg Schools
Amos A. Lawrence
Amos A. Phelps
Amsterdam News
Anderson Ruffin Abbott
Angelina Grimke
Anglican Church
Anglican Interracial Marriages
Anglo-American Antislavery Connection
Ann Arbor Michigan
Anne Heloise Abel
Annotated Books
Annual Reports
Anthony Burns
Anti-Black Bias
Anti-Black Bias in History
Anti-Slavery and Aborigines Protection Society
Anti-Slavery Bugel
Anti-Slavery Examiner
Anti-Slavery in America from the Introduction of African Slaves to the Prohibition of the Slave Trade
Anti-Slavery Lecturer
Anti-Slavery Society of Canada
Antigonish Nova Scotia Canada
Antislavery Groups
Antislavery Pamphlets
Antislavery Societies
Apartheid
Archives
Archives du Palais de Justice
Archives Nationale
Archives of British Columbia
Archives of Saskatchewan
Archives of Saskatchewan Regina Branch
Archives of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Branch
Arminian Magazine
Arthur Alexander
Arthur Hamer
Arthur Tappan
Artifacts
Asia
Assessment Rolls
Atlanta Georgia
Atlanta University
Atlantic Advocate Magazine
Atlantic Monthly Magazine
Auburn New York
Augustus F. Pemberton
Austin Steward
Autobiography
Aux Cayes Haiti
B.F. Stevens
Bahamas
Baltimore Maryland
Baptisms
Baptist Annual Register
Barrie Ontario Canada
Barrie Public Library
Bathurst
Bathurst The Gambia
Battleford Saskatchewan Canada
Beaver House
Bengough
Benjamin Drew
Benjamin Lundy
Benjamin Singleton
Benjamin Tappan
Berea College
Bermuda
Beverley England
Biased Histories
Bibliotheque Nationale
Bibliotheque Nationale Fonds Francais
Births
Black Canadians
Black History
Black Pioneers
Black World
BME Church
Booker T. Washington
Boston Athenaeum Library
Boston Massachusetts
Boston Public Library
Boston Public Library Maria Weston Papers
Breton Alberta Canada
British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Reporter
British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Reporter and Aborigines Friend
British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society
British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society Committee for the Welfare of Africans in Europe
British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society Research Library
British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society Thomas Binns Collection
British Colonial Office
British Columbia Association for the Advancement of Colored People
British Columbia Churches
British Military Records
British Museum
British Museum Additional Manuscripts on Exports and Imports of North America
British Museum Bright Papers
British Museum Chatham Papers
British Museum Clarkson Papers
British Museum Cobden Papers
British Museum Haldimand Papers
British Museum Layard Papers
British Museum Liverpool Papers
British Museum Peel Papers
British Museum Reading Room
British Museum Sturge Papers
British Naval Prisoners' Correspondence
British Periodicals
Broadsides
Brome County Historical Society
Bronze American
Brookline Massachusetts
Brookline Public Library
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
Bulama Settlement Sierra Leone
Burial Lists
Burials
Burnaby Canada
Calgary Alberta Canada
California University
Calvin W. Philleo
Cambridge Maritime Military Library
Cambridge Massachusetts
Canada
Canada Commissioner of Lands and Works
Canada Lieutenant Governor
Canada Week Magazine
Canada West
Canada West Education Department
Canada-West Indies Magazine
Canadian Antiquarian Magazine
Canadian Baptist Historical Association
Canadian Censuses
Canadian Christian Magazine
Canadian Cigar and Tobacco Journal
Canadian Colonies
Canadian Evangelist Magazine
Canadian Fiction
Canadian Forum Magazine
Canadian Illustrated News
Canadian Labour Congress
Canadian Labour Congress Joint Advisory Committee on Human Relations
Canadian Labour Reports
Canadian Land TItles Office
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https://archives.deerfieldlibrary.org/files/original/3158f9c03914a70f6b611d777a3d3d9a.pdf
576c28f8391258cc38d62652f4bdf5a2
PDF Text
Text
27 FEB 2002
Call Number
AUTHOR
TITLE
EDITION
PUBLISHER
DESCRIPT
BIBLIOG
SUBJECTS
ISBN
DVNIX #
Deerfield Public Library
Circulation
Adult Nonfiction
973.7115 TUR
03:58pm
UU Port 594
Status : Check Shelf
Turner, Glennette Tilley.
The underground railroad in Illinois / by Glennette Tilley
Turner ; introduction by Juliet E.K. Ualker.
1st ed.
Glen Ellyn, IL : Neuman Educational Publishing, 2001.
xix, 285 p.
ill., maps, ports. ; 23 cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 246-266) and index.
1) Underground railroad — Illinois.
2) Slavery — United States.
3) Fugitive slaves — Illinois — History.
0938990055 Cpbk.)
693797
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~ Climate
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~ Rivers and
Underground Railroad in Illinois.
So much has been written on this topic in the meantime, the reader should also refer to Backs
in Print, Illinois Libraries, (Vol. 80, No. 4) and other library and on-lme resources such as.
~ Indians of
~ Population
- Flora and I
- http://www.cr.nps.gov/ugrr
~ Religion
~ http://www.ugrr.org/ugrr/learn/jp-bib.html
- Treaties
- www.nationalgeographic.com/features/99/railroad/randl.html, and
- Politics
- Northwest'
State Library’s web page.
- For more information on the multi-state UGRR operations, consult the National Park Service
Underground Railroad Special Resource Studi and the first web site listed above.
~ Visit http://sunsite.unc.edu/docsouth and http://vi.uh.edu/pages/mintz/primary.htrm
for slave narratives. See Born in Bondage by Marie Jenkins Schwartz (Harvard University
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~ Lincoln-Doi
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~ Fur trade
~ Early modes
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Press) to learn about the lives of enslaved children.
~ Refer to these periodicals: National Geographic. July 1984; the Sunday Magazine of the
Chicago Tribune, Summer 2000; and the magazine of the National Parks and Conservation
Association, July/August 1998.
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~ Illinois Con;
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~ Inn, taverns.
-
~ Early trails
v
~ View the following videos:
. “The Underground Railroad: Connections to Freedom and Science” video produced
by Classroom for the Future in cooperation with NASA Headquarter
(http://core.nasa.gov);
. “The Underground Railroad in Illinois” and “Trail Through DuPage County”
(JMDoggett@aol.com); keyword “Underground Railroad ;
. “The Underground Railroad” produced by and available from The History Channel
~ Education
-Salt and lead
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~ Play games such as “Escape” (www.UGRR-Illinois.com).
- Occupations
- Historic cour
II
Sing along with audiotapes of “Songs of the Underground Railroad.”
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Bibliography
Ir
1850
Vidi. MR. FRANK,
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THE UNDERGROUND MAIL-AGENT Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co. 1853.
•i.-
1860
H. THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD: FROM SLAVERY TO FREEDOM.
Mitchell, William
London: W. Tweedie 1860. (Reprint 1970)
Bl
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In addition to his work for
John Jones,
the Undergrou nd Railroad and repeal
of the Black Codes, he was active in the
Negro convention movement for many
R after the Civil War. He worked
with inventors S.R. Scottron and Lems
Sand. Laura S. A WOMAN'S LIFE WORK: LABORS AND EXPERIENCES OF LAURA S. HAV1LAND. Salem, NH: 1881. (Reprint 1984)
II,
;
5
Vr
£ssas^ts:sssMS=5ff
■
Collection, Chicago Public Library
: ROMANCE AND REALITY OF THE UNDERGROWI^^IERO^^^weulo^H:^H. U.Johnson. 1896. (Reprint in 1970)
a;
|i:
HANNAH COURAGEOUS. New York:
Long, Laura.
Longman, 1939.
.
wih.ir THE underground RAILROAD TN
SSS'SS
Antiquarian Society, 1936.
Swift, Httdegarde Hoyt
DOM: A STORY OF _T CM ^ fictionaUz(.d account of
Harcourt. Brace, & ••
rnntainS reproductions of
the life of Harriet Tubman. Contains repr
the dialect of the period.
T. UP FROM SLAVERY. AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY
•
™-SS,S—
Siebert, Wilbur Henry.
New York: MacMillan, 1898. (Rep
map of routes.
’
York- Random House. 1958. A story about
^to'Tsvhoi^the“Tof rTttnni“E°°-ion-on theUnderground Railroad. Based on the
;
-
W adventures of the author's grandparents.
Severance, Frank Hayward. OLD TRAILS ON THE NIAGARA FRONTIER.
^ ^ story 0f Corrie. a
Cleveland, OH:
Burrows Brothers, 1903.
l?;
northern army.
1910
1,
my story of the civil war and the underground railButler, Marvin Benjamin.
United Brethren Publishing Establishment. 1914. An account of
ROAD. Huntington. IN: The
service in the 44th regiment Indiana volunteers.
..
Cockrum, William Monroe.
The struggles of the new
Mississippi cotton country.
247
HISTORY OF THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD AS IT WAS CON-
246
t .
. ;T
.
. Garden City, NY:
Washington, Booker
Doubleday, 1933.
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The Underground Railroad in Illinois
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a to Connecticut
Howard, Elizabeth. NORTH WINDS BLOW FREE. New York: W. Morrow. 1949.
Philo Carpenter operated Under
ground Railroad stations in his home
and in the First Baptist Congregational
Church. His home in Chicago was the
UGRR station where Israel Blodgett of
Downers Grove and John Coe of
Hinsdale took passengers. Carpenter's
brother was married to the sister of
Julius Warren, founder of Warrenville.
Meadowcroft, Enid La Monte. BY SECRET RAILWAY. New York: T. Y. Crowell Co 1948 n™ oslave boy Bed 1860 to the home of David Morgan in Chicago He is betrayed by a boarder who ^H
the'u^e^d'RloaDdaVid’ ^
^
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» >* ^ Canada ^ “
way of
McMeekin. Isabella. JOURNEY CAKE. New YorkMessner. 1942. In 1794 Juba, a free woman of color
takes six motherless white children into Kentucky where
their father has gone to settle.
Sterling, Dorothy. CAPTAIN OF THE PLANTER: THE
STORY OF ROBERT SMALLS. Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1958. Biography of Robert Smalls, who was bom a slave, and during the Civil War
piloted a captured Confederate boat past the guns of Fort Sumter and delivered it to the Union
forces. Later he became a leader of his people and was sent to Congress. He suffered humiliation
during Reconstruction because he refused to compromise his principles.
S
Nolen. Eleanor Weakley. A JOB FOR JEREMIAH.
London: New York: Oxford University Press, 1940. A lit
tle slave boy tries many jobs while selecting his future
trade.
FREEDOM TRAIN: THE STORY OF HARRIET TUBMAN. New York: Scholastic Book Services,
1954. A biography of Harriet Tubman as a conductor on the Underground Railroad.
Wriston, Hildreth Tyler. SUSAN’S SECRET. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. 1957.
!•
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Yates, Elizabeth. AMOS FORTUNE, FREE MAN. New York Puffin Books, 1950. (Reprints 1963,
1989) A biography of Amos Fortune, an eighteenth-century African prince. After being captured
by slave traders, he was brought to Massachusetts where he remained a slave until he was able to
buy his freedom at sixty years old.
L.C. Paine Freerer was a prominent
lawyer who settled in Chicago in 1836
and died in Wheaton in 1878. He made
Underground Railroad passengers and
touring black antislavery speakers wel
come in his home. He encountered per
sonal danger when he served armed
court officials with legal warrants. On
one occasion he and a party on horse
back chased a party of slave catchers
nearly across the state of Illinois in an
attempt to free an enslaved man, but
without success.
1940
; •:
Allen, Merritt Parmelee. BATTLE LANTERNS. New York: Longmans, 1949. About a series of
adventures which befall a young man during the Revolutionary War. (Reprint 1967)
Buckmaster, Henrietta. LET MY PEOPLE GO: THE STORY OF THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD
AND THE GROWTH OF THE ABOLITION MOVEMENT. New York: Harper. 1941.
ns.
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Riley, Louise. TRAIN FOR TIGER LILY. New York: Viking,
1954. Tiger Lily is a magical place where a chain of fantastic
events is set off by the arrival of a train on which there are
four children two animals, and a magician train porter.
Steinman, Beatrice. THIS RAILROAD DISAPPEARS. New
York: F. Watts, 1958. Thirteen -year-old Seth convinces
his parents and neighborhood abolitionists that he can be
trusted as a conductor on the Underground Railroad.
J
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Petry. Ann Lane. HARRIET TUBMAN: CONDUCTOR ON
THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD. New York: Crowell.
1955. Biography emphasizing the character and personality
of Harriet Tubman, whose unshakable faith led her to guide
hundreds of slaves to freedom by the Underground Railroad.
Siebert, Wilbur Henry. THE MYSTERIES OF OHIO’S
UNDERGROUND RAILROADS. Columbus: Long's
College Book Co. 1951.
I
The Underground Railroad in Illinois
Curtis, Anna Louis. STORIES OF THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD. New York: The Island
Workshop Press Co-op, 1941.
1950
Bontemps. Arna. FREDERICK DOUGLASS: SLAVE
FIGHTERS, FREEMAN. New York: Knopf, 1959. A
biography of the runaway slave who devoted his life to
the abolition of slavery and the fight for Black rights.
Breyfogle, William x. MAKE FREE: THE STORY OF
THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD. Philadelphia:
Lippincott, 1958.
Buckmaster, Henrietta. FLIGHT TO FREEDOM: THE
STORY OF THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD. New
York: Crowell, 1958. A history of the founding and opera
tion of the Underground Railroad with background mate
rial on slavery, the growth of the abolition movement in
spite of opposition in the North. The leaders of both
races and the role of the African American after the Civil
War includes many accounts of the experiences of escap-
248
249
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Fnstein S HARRIET TUBMAN: GUIDE TO FREEDOM. Champaign. IL: Garrard Publishing Co.,
1968. Born a slave but determined to be free, Harriet Tubman ran away from slavery and returned
ma ny times to free her enslaved people.
Fisher, Aileen Lucia. A LANTERN IN THE WINDOW.
New York: T. Nelson. 1957. Twelve-year-old Peter goes to
live with his Quaker uncle whose farm on the bank of the
Ohio River gives him a view of the steamboats he loves
and a role in the Underground Railroad.
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CANALBOAT TO FREEDOM. New York: Dial Press, 1966. This book describes a
Falls, Thomas.
friendship between two boys one a white teenage otphan bound out on a canalboat and the other a
Bhck deckhand. The deckhand protects the otphan front the cruelty of the captatn. and the boy tn
turn joins the deckhand in his Underground Railroad activities.
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Hagler, Margaret. LARRY AND THE FREEDOM MAN.
New York: Lothrop. 1959. A twelve-year-old white boy and
his uncle, The Freedom Man. help Daniel a slave boy and
his family obtain their freedom when they meet on a jour
ney to Kansas.
I960
Bacmeister. Rhoda. W. VOICES EN THE NIGHT.
Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs, 1965. New England and an
Underground Railroad station are the background for this
story. When Jeanie’s widowed mother is forced to break
up her family because she cannot take care of them, Jeanie
is sent to live with the Aldens, who secretly operate a station.
Bradford. Sarah. HARRIET TUBMAN: THE MOSES OF
HER PEOPLE. Secaucus, NJ: Citadel. 1961. A story of
Harriet Tubman, the illiterate escaped slave who made
nineteen journeys deep into the South to escort over 300
slaves to freedom. The book deals mostly with the excit
ing details of her pilgrimages, but also stresses her fervent
religious motivation.
*
The Underground Railroad in Illinois
Douglass, Frederick. LIFE AND TIMES OF FREDERICK DOUGLASS. Ed by Barbara Rirchie. New
York- Crowell, 1966. An adaptation of the last revision (1892) by the author of a book first pub-' '■" >
lished in 1842. It is a story of Douglass’ escape from slavery and his rise to prominence.
'
ing slaves.
Douglass, Marjory Stoneman. FREEDOM RIVER. Old
Tappan, NJ: Scribner, 1953. A tale of three boys - one
white one black and one a Seminole Indian - who find
their separate freedoms.
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*
Joseph Henry Hudlun, Sr. was a
member of the Chicago Board of
Trade for forty years. During the
Great Chicago Fire he rescued
many valuable docments. His oil
portrait hangs in the Board's Hall
of Celebrities. The home he and
Anna Hudlun built near Dearborn
Station was one of the first built in
Chicago by black owners. They
operated
an
Underground
Railroad station there. Courtesy of
the Vivian G. Harsh Collection,
Wrighf a Quaker, and carried messages back and forth, wrapped in foil in a decayed tooth.
Ssasbsssssasjsasasaa
been strengthened.
THE LIBERTY LINE: THE LEGEND OF THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD.
Lexington: University of Kentucky Ptess, 1961. The author questions and attempts to determine
the extent to which the Underground Railroad accounts are factual.
Gara, Larry
Chicago Public Library
Browin, Frances WUliams. LOOKING FOR ORLANDO. New York: Criterion Books, 1961.
Carrighar, Sally. THE GLASS DOVE. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1962.
Clark, Margaret Gogg. FREEDOM CROSSING. New York: Funk & WagnaUs, 1969. After spend
ing four years with relatives in the South, a fifteen-year-old girl accepts the idea that slaves are
property and is horrified to learn when she returns North that her home is a station on
Underground Railroad.
Danforth. Mildred E. A QUAKER PIONEER: LAURA HAV1LAND, SUPERINTENDENT OF THE
UNDERGROUND RAILROAD. New York: Exposition Press, 1961.
Children, 1967.
asssssasrsfflarssw
to the North.
Reconstruction of the 1870’s and the desegregation of the 1950 s to the rio s
251
250
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The Underground Railroad in Illinois
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ing slaves.
Douglass, Marjory Stoneman. FREEDOM RIVER. Old
Tappan, NJ: Scribner, 1953. A tale of three boys - one
white one black and one a Seminole Indian - who find
their separate freedoms.
il,1
8
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Fisher, Aileen Lucia. A LANTERN IN THE WINDOW.
New York: T. Nelson, 1957. Twelve-year-old Peter goes to
live with his Quaker uncle whose farm on the bank of the
Ohio River gives him a view of the steamboats he loves
and a role in the Underground Railroad.
v
!
5
Hagler, Margaret. LARRY AND THE FREEDOM MAN.
New York: Lothrop, 1959. A twelve-year-old white boy and
his uncle, The Freedom Man, help Daniel a slave boy and
his family obtain their freedom when they meet on a jour
ney to Kansas.
■
I960
Ii
4
Bacmeister, Rhoda. W. VOICES EN THE NIGHT.
Indianapolis. IN: Bobbs, 1965. New England and an
Underground Railroad station are the background for this
story. When Jeanie’s widowed mother is forced to break
up her family because she cannot take care of them, Jeanie
is sent to live with the Aldens, who secretly operate a sta
tion.
; I1,
Bradford, Sarah. HARRIET TUBMAN: THE MOSES OF
HER PEOPLE. Secaucus, NJ: Citadel, 1961. A story of
Harriet Tubman, the illiterate escaped slave who made
nineteen journeys deep into the South to escort over 300
slaves to freedom. The book deals mostly with the excit
ing details of her pilgrimages, but also stresses her fervent
religious motivation.
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shed in 1842. It .s a story of Douglass escape from slavery and his rise to prominence.
Epstein, S. HARRIET TUBMAN: GUIDE TO FREEDOM. Champaign IL- Garrard
P
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Falls, Thomas. CANALBOAT TO FREEDOM. New York: Dial Press, 1966. This book describes a
friendship between two boys one a
Black deckhand.
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silver
Joseph Henry Hudlun, Sr. was a
member of the Chicago Board of
Trade for forty years. During the
Great Chicago Fire he rescued
many valuable docments. His oil
portrait hangs in the Board's Hall
of Celebrities. The home he and
Anna Hudlun built near Dearborn
Station was one of the first built in
Chicago by black owners. They
operated
an
Underground
Railroad station there. Courtesy of
the Vivian G. Harsh Collection,
Chicago Public Library
h
k
a EYES AND ears OF THE CIVIL WAR. New York: Criterion Books 1963
TS,ha r
S’,a T"™ Bsl*ned and rePorted t0 northern generals or copied maps
H hS' “ SU4Ch,aS McCleIlan refijsed t0 brieve in their intelligence; but
P
d‘S.C0Vrered l.he freed slave* J°hn ScobeH. who became ostensibly an entertainer but actu-
Gara. Larry THE LIBERTY LINE: THE LEGEND OF THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD
Browin. Frances Williams. LOOKING FOR ORLANDO. New York: Criterion Books, 1961.
•:
Carrighar, Sally. THE GLASS DOVE. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 1962.
Claris, Margaret Gogg. FREEDOM CROSSING. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1969. After spend
ing four years with relatives in the South, a fifteen-year-old girl accepts the idea that slaves are
property and is horrified to learn when she returns North that her home is a station on
Underground Railroad.
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ftomAriT ^EAL^WAY H0ME- Indianapolis: Bobbs-MerriU. 1969. Two slave boys run away
to the North H CW>]m* plantatl0n in an attemPt to reach their freed father five hundred miles
Udenburg, Thomas J. and William S. McFeely. THE BLACK MAN IN THE LAND OF EQUALITY.
ew or . ayden Book Co., 1969. Traces the history of the black man in America through the
Reconstruction of the 1870’s and the desegregation of the 1950’s to the riots of the 1960’s.
Danforth, Mildred E. A QUAKER PIONEER: LAURA HAVILAND. SUPERINTENDENT OF THE
UNDERGROUND RAILROAD. New York: Exposition Press, 1961.
250
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The Underground Railroad in Illinois
*
Lawrence, Jacob. HARRIET AND THE PROMISED LAND. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1968.
(Reprint 1993) A brief biography in verse about Harriet Tubman and her dedicated efforts to lead
her fellow slaves to freedom.
\(?i
black Quaker member of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery
Society, secretary of the Philadelphia Vigilance
Committees active abolitionist, and son of two sla ves.
worked as an agent on the Underground Railroad. He
interviewed “passengers" in order to gain information
that would enable family members to locate loved ones
in Canada. This book is a compilation of those inter
views he recorded in narrative form, as weU as letters
and newspaper clippings about slavery and the run
aways.
Lester. Julius, ed. TO BE A SLAVE. New York: Dial Press. 1968. A compilation selected from vari
ous sources and arranged chronologically of the reminiscences of slaves and ex-slaves about the
experiences from the leaving of Africa through the Civil War and into the early twentieth century.
Loguen, Jermain Wesley. THE REV. J. W. LOGUEN. AS A SLAVE AND AS A FREEMAN; A NAR
RATIVE OF REAL LIFE. New York: Negro Universities Press, 1968. (Reprint 1859)
McGovern, Ann. RUNAWAY SLAVE: THE STORY OF HARRIET TUBMAN. New York: Four
Winds Press (Scholastic), 1965. A simply told biography of Harriet Tubman which gives a vivid
account of her role as a conductor on the Underground Railroad.
WANTED—DEAD OR ALIVE: THE TRUE STORY OF HARRIET TUBMAN. New York: Four
Winds Press, 1965. A biography of the slave who escaped to freedom, then returned and led three
hundred other slaves to the North by way of the Underground Railroad.
McPherson. James M. THE NEGRO’S CIVIL WAR: HOW NEGROES FELT AND ACTED DURING
THE WAR FOR THE UNION. New York: Pantheon, 1965. The author presents documentary evi
dence from Black and abolitionist newspapers, pamphlets, letters, speeches and official records to
show that Blacks actively participated and many became leaders in the emancipation of the slaves
from 1860 to 1865.
Patterson, Lillie. FREDERICK DOUGLASS. Champaign. IL: Garrard Publishing Co., 1965. The
reader follows Frederick through his increasing hatred of slavery and his escape. His home in New
York became one of the Underground Railroad stations for fleeing slaves.
Sterling. Dorothy. FOREVER FREE: THE STORY OF THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION.
Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 1963. Describes the events leading up to the signing of the
Emancipation Proclamation that freed over four million slaves in the United States.
'
i
Anna Elizabeth Lewis Hudlun was
known as the “Fire Angel" because of
the hospitality she extended to fire vic
tims during the Chicago fires. In 1871
she and Joseph Hudlun opened their
five room home to five families—some
black and some white. Their home was
a mecca of social and civic activity. It
was an Underground Railroad station
before and during the Civil War.
Courtesy of the Vivian G. Harsh
Collection, Chicago Public Library
Williams, James. LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF JAMES
WILLIAMS. A FUGITIVE SLAVE. WITH A FULL
DESCRIPTION OF THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD.
Saratoga, CA: R. & E Research Associates, 1969.
Williamson. Joanne. AND FOREVER FREE New York:
Knopf, 1966. The social and political scene in New York
City during the years leading up to the Emancipation
Proclamation is shown through the story of an eighteenyear-old German immigrant who befriends a runaway slave.
£“h,S‘Tf,°Siah HC"S°"th‘ **
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and gave courage and inspiration to two co-workers.
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hotel laundress
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Tom, who helped many slaves escape to freedom and founded a settlement for Blacks in Canada.
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Still. William. THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD. New York: Amo Press, 1968. William Still.
Strother, Horatio T. THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD
IN CONNECTICUT. Middletown. CT: Wesleyan
University Press, 1962.
1970
BEHmD^BOOKTHATSPARKEOm^^S^ThS.T^
;
Sterling, Philip and Logan Rayford. FOUR TOOK FREEDOM: THE LIVES OF HARRIET TUBMAN. FREDERICK DOUGLASS. ROBERT SMALLS. AND BLANCHE K. BRUCE. Garden City. NY:
Doubleday, 1967. Biographical portraits of four famous African Americans who escaped the slav
ery into which they had been born to further the fight for freedom and equality.
Sterne, Emma Gelders. THE LONG BLACK SCHOONER: THE VOYAGE OF THE AMISTAD.
Chicago: Follett Pub Co.. 1968. A fictional account of the 1839 revolt of Africans aboard the slave
ship Amistad and the subsequent Amistad Case argued by John Quincy Adams before the United
States Supreme Court.
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Captives Cave which is linked to his ancestors.
Forman, James. SONG OF JUBILEE. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1971. This expose of slavery
reveals the ambivalent feelings among slaves in one household, particularly after freedom is granted.
grew up
win her fteedon, and fish, for her rights«*•
rson.
MLROATNewYoTETDu'uon 197^L^^STffLATTHEUNDERGROUND
escaped slave. help his peonkZolJ,hist*w, h
.WaB“ StiU *>" **"
Underground Railroad.
8
lh PhlladelPh,a s Anti-slavery Society and the
Fox. Paula. THE SLAVE DANCER New York: Dell. 1973. A stark view of slavery as seen through
the eyes of a young white boy who is shanghaied on a slaver and forced to make music for its
human cargo.
Freedman, Florence B. TWO TICKETS TO FREEDOM: THE TRUE STORY OF ELLEN AND
WILLIAM CRAFT, FUGITIVE SLAVES. New York: Simon and Schuster. 1971. Contemporary
sources such as newspaper articles, journals, and the published story of William Craft help reconstruct this interesting account.
Lester, Julius.
1972. Shr s.one^l'SS^avel0^ FR°M BUCK H“ New York: Dial Press.
Grant, Matthew G. HARRIET TUBMAN, BLACK LIBERATOR. Mankato. MN: Creative
Education. 1974 A biography of the famous conductor on the Underground Railroad who worked
to free her people before, during, and after the Civil War.
1975.
i
Gray. Genevieve. THE YELLOW BONE RING. New York: Lothrop, 1971. The pride and responsi
bility of freedom are explored in this dramatic story of a young ex-slave in the First South Carolina
Volunteers, the first Black Union Army regiment.
:
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Jacob, Helen Pierce. THE DIARY OF STRAWBRIDGE PLACE. New York: Atheneum, 1978. A
family of Quakers operating a station on the Underground Railroad spirits slaves from Ashtabula
Ohio across Lake Erie to freedom.
'
Harrison. Lowell Hayes. THE ANTISLAVERY MOVEMENT IN KENTUCKY. Lexington. KY:
University Press of Kentucky, 1978.
254
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May, Charles Paul. STRANGER rN THE STORM New Yorkf bliTa:h
rUnaW3y S,3Ve heIPs hvo li«le girls survive in
blizzard, and they in turn help him hide from his pursuers
GARRETT. Moylan, PA: Whimsie Press, 1977,
’
Henderson, Nancy. WALK TOGETHER: FIVE PLAYS ON HUMAN RIGHTS. New York: Messner.
1972. One of the plays is the story of slaves risking their lives for freedom in the Underground Railroad.
Johnson. Ann Donegan. THE VALUE OF HELPING: THE STORY OF HARRIET TUBMAN. La
Jolla, CA: Value Communications, 1979. Describes the helpful work of Harriet Tubman in aiding
slaves to flee the South in assisting the Union army during the Civil War and in establishing homes
for the old and needy after the war.
Warn
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Greenfield, Eloise. HONEY, I LOVE. New York: Thomas T. Crowell Co. 1978. A picture book col
lection of poems about various subjects including a poem about Harriet Tubman and her escape
from slavery.
Heidish, Marcy. A WOMAN CALLED MOSES. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. 1976.
Harriet Tubman looks back over her life and tells her own story. The reader sees her as a sevenyear-old enslaved African her heartaches and griefs on through her escape by way of the
Underground Railroad.
l
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man. He did manual labor at
Grand River Institute, in Ohio,
in exchange for the opportunity
to study Greek and Latin. He
settled in Chicago in 1837. He
taught hvo years then went to
work in a law office so that he
could study law. He was a prac
ticing lawyer until he was elect
ed Justice of the Peace. He was
one of the founders of the antislavery society in 1859 and
helped establish the Western
Citizen which was edited by
Zebina Eastman.
52^ and throuSh a Redman, learns the healing power of
S'
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Traces the history of Blacks in America from their arrival as
c^lHghts SeVentCenth Century t° the present-day struggle for
Meltzer. Milton.
Bradb., 19?. ISSSSSho
worked actively in the Underground Railroad.
Barbara Claassen. RUNAWAY TO FREEDOM- A
STORY OF THE UNDERGROUND RAILWAY. New York:
Harper & Row, 1978. Two young slave girls escape from a plan-
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THE HOUSE OF DIES DREAR. New York: Collier Books, 1984. A black family moves into an
enormous house once used as a hiding place for runaway slaves Mysterious sounds and events as
well as the discovery of secret passageways make the family believe they are in grave danger.
S^RY^
THE MYSTERY OF DREAR HOUSE: THE CONCLUSION OF THE DIES DREAR CHRONICLE
New York: Greenwillow Books, 1987. A black family living in the house of long-dead abolitionist
Dies Drear must decide what to do with his stupendous treasure hidden for one hundred years in a
cavern near their home.
WITH CON-
Facts on File Publications. 1988. Describes the liLf theVhnl^
American slaves resulted in the raid on Harpers Ferry.
/ u MAPS' New York:
Wh°Se StrUg8,e t0 free
KENTUm^
Hurmence, Belinda. A GIRL CALLED BOY. New York: Clarion, 1982. Mysteriously transported in
tune to the 1850 s, a young girl learns to respect the courage of her slave forebears.
Johnson, Georgia. A TOWPATH TO FREEDOM. East Lansing: G. A Johnson Publishing, 1989.
om
Klingel, Cynthia Fitterer. HARRIET TUBMAN. Mankato, MN: Creative Education, 1987. A biog
raphy of the runaway slave who risked her life to help other slaves escape to freed om.
WBXfe
Lame. Reginald. MAKIN’ FREE: AFRICAN-AMERICANS IN THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.
Detroit: B. Ethridge Books, 1981. A book which traces the early arrival and exploits of a number
of lesser known African Americans who explored the Northwest regions of the United States and
Upper Canada.
mm
II
Lester, Julius. THIS STRANGE NEW FEELING. New York: Scholastic, Inc. 1985. The impact of
slavery on the human spirit is presented in three love stories based on true events.
;1
McKissack. Patricia and Frederick McKissack. FREDERICK DOUGLASS: THE BLACK LION.
Chicago: Children’s Press, 1987. Frederick Douglass becomes a spokesperson in the antislavery
movement.
7
Meyer. Linda D. HARRIET TUBMAN: THEY CALLED ME MOSES. Seattle: Parenting Press, 1988.
Biography of the Black woman who lived as a slave, free woman, conductor of the Underground
Railroad and benefactor to the needy.
Rev. Richard DeBaptiste is associ
ated with Olivet Baptist Church in
Chicago. He and many members
of his church worked with members of Quinn Chapel A.M.E.
Church in antislavery activities.
He also took the personal risk of
loaning his freedom papers to
Underground Railroad passen
gers. After his years as pastor of
Miller, Douglas T. FREDERICK DOUGLASS AND THE FIGHT FOR FREEDOM. New York: Facts
on File, 1988. Traces the life of the black abolitionist, from his early years in slavery to his later
success as a persuasive editor orator and writer.
Phelan, Helen C. AND WHY NOT EVERY MAN? AN ACCOUNT OF SLAVERY, THE UNDER
GROUND RAILROAD, AND THE ROAD TO FREEDOM IN NEW YORK'S SOUTHERN TIER.
Interlake. NY: Heart of the Lakes Pub, 1987.
Polcovar, Jane. HARRIET TUBMAN. Danbury. CT: Childrens Press Choice, 1988.
■
Sabin. Francene. HARRIET TUBMAN. Mahwah.NJ: Troll Associates, 1985. A biography of the
Stein,
RAILROAD^' THErSJORYOF THE UNDERGROUND
RAILROAD. Chicago: Childrens Press, 1981. Discusses the
network of groups and individuals throughout Ohio and the
New England states who aided slaves escaping from their
captivity during the nineteenth century.
Turner Ann Warren. NETTIE'S TRIP SOUTH. New YorkJheu^Iv rr87' f
year'°'dn°rthern8irlcounters
the ugly realities of slavery when she visits Richmond,
Virginia, and sees a slave auction.
Books) Presents biographical sketches of fourteen notable
ParkTan^Sat^erp^'11^1^ ^art*n Luther King, Jr., Rosa
IS?*™. Satchel PaiSe* accompanied by brief skits in
hich readers can act out imagined scenes from their lives.
Walker, Juliet. E K FREE FRANK: A BLACK PIONEER ON
Lexington:
leadership P to Second'BaptTsf
TOEWRONruTv^6' DANIEL WEBSTER JACKSON AND
Church in Elgin. Courtesy of the
Vivian G. Harsh Collection.
Chicago Public Library
WRONGWAY RAILWAY. San Diego: Oak Tree
Publicatmns.1982- A teenage boy decides to leave his foster
"orn^ m Missouri rather than become involved in Judge
Hatcher s scheme to break up the Underground Railroad
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over 300 slave
David and Sarah West and their five children loaded their household
goods into a wagon and left Erie County, New York, in the faU of1843.
After 23 days of travel, resting on Sundays, they arrived in Sycamore.
Their house became the stopping place for visiting Congregational
ministers and it was an Underground Railroad station. In 1840 David
West voted (only Caucasian men had the franchise) for the Liberty
Party’s presidential candidate, James G. Bimey.
f
s escape through the Underground Railroad.
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that is operating in the territory.
!
Wells, Marian. THE SILVER HIGHWAY. Minneapolis: Bethany House Publishers, 1989.
1990
Adler, David A. A PICTURE BOOK OF HARRIET TUBMAN. New York: Holiday House, 1994.
Biography of the Black woman who escaped from slavery to become famous as a conductor on the
Underground Railroad.
!
Adler, David A. A PICTURE BOOK OF SOJOURNER TRUTH. New York: Holiday House. 1994.
An introduction to the life of the woman born into slavery who became a well-known abolitionist
and crusader for the rights of African Americans.
H^rBx9TocMNEGurD E TO THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD. New York:
Braithwaite, Di ana.
Martha and Elvira.-
A ONE ACT PLAY. Toronto: SisterVisio
n. 1993.
Brandt, Nat. THE TOWN
that started the civil WAR.
Press, 1990.
Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University
Allen. Danice. ARMS OF A STRANGER. New York: Avon Books, 1995.
|
Armstrong. Jennifer. STEAL AWAY. New York: Orchard Books, 1992. In 1855 two thirteen yearold girls one white and one black, run away from a southern farm and make the difficult journey
north to freedom, living to recount their story forty-one years later to two young girls.
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Beatty, Patricia. JAYHAWKER. New York: Beech Tree, 1995. In the early years of the Civil War.
teenage Kansas farm boy Lije Tulley becomes a Jayhawker, an abolitionist raider freeing slaves
from the neighboring state of Missouri, and then goes undercover there as a spy.
AScX"™L™Ti, ** <**»*■*,, 1992 A „• „
™E ™°ERGROUND RA,LROAD. Hudson. OH: The
Unknown Author. WHO COMES WITH CANNONS? New York: Morrow Junior Books. 1992. In
1861 twelve-year-old Truth, a Quaker girl from Indiana, is staying with relatives who run a North
CvU W St3tl0n °f thC Under8round Railroad when her world is changed by the beginning of the
Narrative of
Becvar. Patsy. A PLACE CALLED MOTHER HUBBARD CUPBOARD. Chicago: Nystrom, 1991.
This book is used to introduce the concepts of slavery and the Underground Railroad.
Benjamin, Anne. YOUNG HARRIET TUBMAN: FREEDOM FIGHTER. Mahwah.NJ: Troll
Associates, 1992. A simple biography of the Black woman who was never caught as she helped
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Cosner, Shaaron. THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD. New York: Franklin Watts. 1991. Describes
the Underground Railroad which helped slaves escape to freedom.
Craft. William. RUNNING A THOUSAND MILES FOR FREEDOM, OR THE ESCAPE OF
WILLIAM AND ELLEN CRAFT FROM SLAVERY. Salem. NH: Ayer Co.. 1991.
■
Hoobler, Dorothy. NEXT STOP. FREEDOM: THE STORY OF A SLAVE GIRL. Englewood Cliffs
help'ofHarriefTu bman'199L Emily’" ^ ^ Wh°,0ngS t0 read' eSCaPes from slaverX
the
Crews. Donald. BIGMAMA’S. New York : GreenwiUow Books, 1991. Visiting Bigmama’s house in
the country, young Donald Crews finds his relatives full of news and the old place and its sur
roundings just the same as the year before.
Hopkinson. Deborah. SWEET CLARA AND THE FREEDOM QUILT. New York: Knopf. 1993 A
young slave stitches a quilt with a map pattern which guides her to freedom in the North.
Douglas. Marjory Stoneman. FREEDOM RIVER. Miami: Valiant Press, 1994. In the 1840s, as
Florida prepares to become a state, an Indian boy, black slave, and white settler become friends
and explore their differences and common bonds.
Johnson. La Verne C. KUMI AND CHANTI TELL THE STORY OF HARRIET TUBMAN. Chicago:
Empak Enterprises. 1992. Two African children following their mission of exploring AfricanAmerican history record the story of Harriet Tubman, who escaped from slavery and led over 300
of her people to freedom along the Underground Railroad.
Douglass. Frederick. ESCAPE FROM SLAVERY: THE BOYHOOD OF FREDERICK DOUGLASS IN
HIS OWN WORDS. Ed and illus. by Michael McCurdy New York: Knopf, 1994. A revised and
shortened edition of THE NARRATIVE OF THE LIFE OF FREDERICK DOUGLASS. AN AMERI
CAN SLAVE. This version of Douglass’ autobiography presents the early life of the slave who
became an abolitionist, journalist, and statesman.
Kinard, Lee. HARRIET TUBMAN’S FAMOUS CHRISTMAS EVE RAID. Nashville: James C
Winston Publishers, 1995.
Lawrence. Jacob. THE GREAT MIGRATION: AN AMERICAN STORY. New York: HarperCollins.
1993. A series of paintings chronicles the journey of African Americans who, like the artist's fami
ly. left the rural South in the early twentieth century to find a better life in the industrial North.
Elisha, Dan. HARRIET TUBMAN AND THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD. Brookfield, CT:
Millbrook Press, 1993. A biography of the African American woman who escaped from slavery,
led slaves to freedom on the Underground Railroad, aided Northern troops during the Civil War.
and worked for women’s suffrage.
Levine. Ellen. IF YOU TRAVELED ON THE UNDER
GROUND RAILROAD. New York: Scholastic, 1993.
Describes the Underground Railroad which helped
slaves escape to freedom.
Forrester, Sandra. SOUND THE JUBILEE. New York: Lodestar Books, 1995. A slave and her fami
ly find refuge on Roanoke Island, North Carolina during the Civil War.
Gaines. Edith M. FREEDOM LIGHT. Cleveland: New Day Press, 1991. The story of the antislav
ery heroes of Ripley. Ohio, based on eyewitness accounts of two of their leaders John Rankin and
John Parker.
1
Marcey, Sally. THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD.
Wheaton, IL: T^ndale House Publishers. 1991. A plotyour-own story about the Underground Railroad Follow
the Ringers as they find a hidden tunnel under the old
church in town and discover it may have been used to
hide slaves The reader’s choices will determine which of
fifteen endings will happen.
Guccione. Leslie D. COME MORNING. Minneapolis: Carolrhoda Books, 1995. Twelve-year-old
Freedom the son of a freed slave living in Delaware in the early 1850s, takes his father’s work in the
Underground Railroad when his father disappears.
Hamilton, Virginia. MANY THOUSAND GONE: AFRICAN AMERICANS FROM SLAVERY TO
FREEDOM. New York: Knopf, 1993 Recounts the journey of Black slaves to freedom via the
Underground Railroad, an extended group of people who helped fugitive slaves in many ways.
----- THE PEOPLE COULD FLY: AMERICAN BLACK FOLKTALES. New York: Knopf, 1993.
Retold Afro-American folktales of animals, fantasy, the supernatural and desire for freedom born
of the sorrow of the slaves, but passed on in hope.
Haskins, James. GET ON BOARD: THE STORY OF THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD. New York:
1
Scholastic 1993. Discusses the Underground RaUroad. the secret, loosely organized network of
people and places that helped many slaves escape north to freedom.
The portrait ofthe John Wagner family of
Aurora was painted by artist Sheldon
Peck. It was unusual in that Peck usually
painted portraits ofindividuals. His mak
ing an exception to this practice may have
had something to do with the fact that the
Wagners operated an Underground
Railroad station in Aurora and Peck oper
ated one in Lombard. Courtesy of the
Aurora Historical Society
McCay, Willie. YOUNG INDIANA JONES AND THE
PLANTATION TREASURE. NY: Random House, 1990.
McClard, Megan. HARRIET TUBMAN: SLAVERY AND
THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD. Englewood Cliffs,
NJ: Silver Burdett Press, 1990. A biography of the
courageous woman who rose from slave beginnings to
become a heroic figure in the Underground Railroad.
McKissack, Patricia C. CHRISTMAS IN THE BIG
262
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The Underground Railroad
HOUSE, CHRISTMAS IN THE QUARTERS. New York: Scholastic, 1994. Describes the customs,
recipes, poems, and songs used to celebrate Christmas in the big plantation houses and in the slave
quarters just before the Civil War.
SOJOURNER TRUTH: AIN’TIA WOMAN? New York: Scholastic, 1992. A biography of the for
mer slave who became well-known as a abolitionist and advocate of women’s rights.
in Illinois
Cassie retraces the steps escaping slaves took on
the Underground Railroad in order lo reunite
with her younger brother.
beginning a new free life when he
small island off the coast of Haiti.
McMullan, Kate. THE STORY OF HARRIET TUBMAN: CONDUCTOR OF THE UNDERGROUND
RAILROAD. New York: Dell, 1991.
P
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fourteen-year-old Moses thinks he is
P of other former slaves headed for a
^
^ *' SCh00‘ by repeatedly «Uing
Monfredo, Miriam Grace. NORTH STAR CONSPIRACY. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993.
Monjo, F. N. THE DRINKING GOURD: A STORY OF TIDE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD. New
York: HarperCollins, 1993. When he is sent home alone for misbehaving in church, Tommy dis
covers that his house is a station on the Underground Railroad.
him into slavery, after which he always escaped.
family in Kansas in thTute^SOs o^erltK fstafton^n theTd
paraUeI s,ori«. a Q“aker
Pfeifer, Kathryn Browne. HENRY 0. FLIPPER. New York: Twenty-First Century Books, 1993.
Examines the life of the first African American graduate of West Point, including his dishonorable
discharge from the Army which was reversed nearly 100 years later.
S.adeihofen,Marcie Miller. ERIE FREEDOM SIDE. Syracuse, NY: New Readers Press. 1990,
Phillips, Raelene. FREEDOM’S TREMENDOUS COST. Elkhart, IN: Bethel Pub Co. 1993. The
Stivers family tradition continues Hannah and her children struggle for freedom, this time for
southern slaves escaping to the North with the help of abolitionists and the Underground Railroad.
collection ofwritingslfy^hluthlfrs a^WE b'duBo^ T^'m' ^ Millbrook Press. «95. A
Polacco, Patricia. PINK AND SAY. New York: Philomel Books. 1994. Say Curtis describes his meet
ing with Pinkus Alee, a black soldier, during the Civil War. and their capture by Southern troops.
Wright, and Ralph Ellison, exploring the a,nnecfto„, of IT T™’ *“* Dove’ Richard
rC VCl* water’and sonS that link past
and present African American cultures.
Stolz, Mary. CEZANNE PINTO: A MEMOIR.
Pmto recalls his youth as a slave on Virginiaplamaton and'his^^0 new^etfe NoTth™'
Porter, Connie Rose. MEET ADDY: AN AMERI
CAN GIRL. Middleton, WI: Pleasant Co., 1993.
Nine-year-old Addy Walker escapes from a cruel life
of slavery to freedom during the Civil War.
rorYo™hGreoaECHNew“rt °L™yN ^'fbm mf 199T^eRICAN “T™** AND ART
Afti'an A-ka" experience as’ seen Ihro^^tTd
ADDY LEARNS A LESSON: A SCHOOL STORY.
Middleton, WI: Pleasant Co., 1993. After escaping
from a plantation in North Carolina, Addy and her
mother arrive in Philadelphia where Addy goes to
school and learns a lesson in true friendship.
The author confers with Fulton County his
torian Curtis Strode who wrote a newspaper
series based on the UGRR activiies of his
great grandfather, Francis Overton and fel
low abolitionists. The Overton Farm was on
the route between Quincy and Galesburg.
Rappaport, Doreen. ESCAPE FROM SLAVERY:
FIVE JOURNEYS TO FREEDOM. New York:
HarperCollins, 1991. Five accounts of slaves who
managed to escape to freedom during the period
preceding the Civil War.
Ringgold. Faith. AUNT HARRIET’S UNDER
GROUND RAILROAD IN TIDE SKY. New York: Crown, 1992. With Harriet Tbbman as her guide,
*
bUck or
Targ-Ilriik Marlene. ALLEN JAY AND THE UNDERGROUND RAILRO
Caroirhoda Books, J995. Recounts how Allen Jay, a
°'AD. Minneapolis:
1840s, helped a fleeing slave i
Railroad.
Taylor, Marian W. HARRIET TUBMAN.
Danbury. CT: Grolier, 1990.
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Washington, Booker T. UP FROM SLAVERY
Ed. by William L. Andrews. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1995.
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Weinberg, Larry. GHOST HOTEL. Mahwah, NJ: Troll, 1994. Mysteriously drawn to an Indiana
museum, a twelve-year-old paralyzed girl encounters ghosts who return her to a former life, where
she attempts to save the son of a freed slave traveling by Underground Railroad in Kentucky.
Winter, Jeanette. FOLLOW THE DRINKING GOURD. New York: Dragonfly Books. 1992. By fol
lowing the directions in a song, “The Drinking Gourd," taught to them by an old sailor named Peg
Leg Joe, runaway slaves journey north along the Underground Railroad to freedom in Canada.
Wright, Courtni Crump. JOURNEY TO FREEDOM: A STORY OF THE UNDERGROUND RAIL
ROAD. New York: Holiday House, 1994. Joshua and his family, runaway slaves from a tobacco
plantation in Kentucky, follow the Underground Railroad to freedom.
!
“Forever Free" by Edmonia Lewis
Courtesy of the Moorland-Spingam Research Center,
Howard University
"During all my slave life I never lost sight of freedom. It
was always on my heart; it came to me like a solemn
thought, and often circumstances much stimulated the
desire to be free and raised great expectation of it"—
Ambrose Headen, born 1822, enslaved in North
Carolina and Alabama.
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Reverend Abraham Hall
Rev. Hall was not only a leader in the African Methodist Episcopal
Church. He was the grandfather of Lloyd Augustus Hall, the holder
of many patents. Lloyd Hall specialized in perfecting methods of
preserving foods. His work was essential to te development of dehy
drated Army rations during World War II. Courtesy of Vivian G.
Harsh Collection, Chicago Public Library
Allan Pinkerton solved his first crime quite by chance. While he was a
cooper, or barrel maker, in Dundee, he went to gather reeds with which to
bind the barrels. He rowed his boat to an island in the Fox River where the
reeds grew. There, he discovered the hiding place of counterfeiters whom
the local sheriff had been unable to locate. Pinkerton instantly gained a
reputation as a detective.
Braille Books for Children, 1983. The biography of a slave
whose flight to freedom was the first step in her becoming a
“conductor” on the Underground Railroad.
tation in Mississippi and wind a hazardous route toward freedom in Canada via the Underground
Railroad.
Bledsoe. Lucy Jane. HARRIET TUBMAN. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Quercus. 1989.
Talmudge, Marian and Iris Gilmore. BARNEY FORD: BLACK BARON. New York: Dodd. 1973.
An indomitable man who escaped from slavery and became a wealthy leader in the political,
social, and business life of Denver, Colorado.
Blockson, Charles L. THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD. New York: Berkley, 1989. A comprehen
sive study of the Underground Railroad arranged by the geographic regions in which it operated
Based on many primary sources.
T\imer, Glennette. THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD IN DuPAGE. Wheaton, IL: Newman, 1978.
Warner, Lucille Schulberg. FROM SLAVE TO ABOLITIONIST: THE LIFE OF WILLIAM WELLS
BROWN. New York: Dial Press, 1976. The memoirs of a fugitive slave a man important in the
abolitionist movements in England and America. (Adaptation)
Bradley. David. THE CHANEYSVILLE INCIDENT. New York: Harper & Row. 1981.
Carlson, J. HARRIET TUBMAN: CALL TO FREEDOM. New York: Fawcett Columbine, 1989.
Traces Harriet Tubman’s life, experience, and efforts to aid slaves in escaping to the North, as well
as her assistance to the Union cause during the Civil War.
White. Anne Terry. NORTH TO LIBERTY: THE STORY OF THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD.
Champaign, IL: Garrard Pub Co., 1972. Describes the operation, stations, and famous conductors
on the Underground Railroad, a network that helped many slaves escape from bondage.
Collier, Christopher and James Lincoln Collier. WAR COMES TO WILLY FREEMAN. New York:
Delacorte Press, 1983. Historical novel that portrays the plight of Black people during the
American Revolution.
Williams, Jeanne. FREEDOM TRAIL. New York: Putnam, 1973. Jared continues his stand against
slavery in pre-Civil War Kansas even though his father is killed by proslavers.
Collier, James Lincoln. WHO IS CARRIE? New York: Dell Pub Co., 1987. A young Black girl living
in New York City in the late eighteenth century observes the historic events taking place around
her and at the same time solves the mystery of her own identity.
Winslow. Eugene. AFRO-AMERICANS 76: BLACK AMERICANS IN THE FOUNDING OF OUR
NATION. Chicago: Afro-Am Pub Co., 1975. Provides biographical sketches of Afro-Americans
who contributed to the exploration, Revolution, and growth of the United States.
Ferris, Jeri. GO FREE OR DIE: A STORY ABOUT HARRIET TUBMAN. Minneapolis: First Avenue
Editions, 1988. A biography of the Black woman whose cruel experiences as a slave in the South
led her to seek freedom in the North for herself and for others through the Underground Railroad.
1980
Anderson, Joan A. WILLIAMSBURG HOUSEHOLD. New York: Clarion Books, 1988. Focuses on
events in the household of d white family and its black slaves in Colonial Williamsburg in the eigh
teenth century.
Haley, Alex. A DIFFERENT KIND OF CHRISTMAS. New York: Doubleday, 1988. This adven
ture, set in 1855, tells the story of a young white Southerner who helps in the Underground
Railroad and in an enslaved African’s Christmas Eve escape attempt.
Avi. SOMETHING UPSTAIRS. New York: Avon Books, 1988. When he moves from Los Angeles
to Providence, Rhode Island, Kenny discovers that his new home is haunted by the spirit of a black
slave boy who asks Kenny to return with him to the early nineteenth century and prevent his mur
der by slave traders.
Hamilton, Virginia. ANTHONY BURNS: THE DEFEAT AND TRIUMPH OF A FUGITIVE SLAVE.
New York: A A Knopf, 1988. A biography of the slave who escaped to Boston in 1854, was arrest
ed at the instigation of his owner, and whose trial caused a furor between abolitionists and those
determined to enforce the Fugitive Slave Acts.
Bains. Rae. HARRIET TUBMAN: THE ROAD TO FREEDOM (Braille) Livonia, MI: Seedlings
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Dublin Core
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Title
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Lyman Wilmot House
Description
An account of the resource
This collection consists of records related to the Deerfield Public Library's research into whether or not the Wilmot house could be proved to have been a stop on the Underground Railroad.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Deerfield Public Library
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Deerfield Public Library
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Deerfield Public Library
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2002
Language
A language of the resource
English
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
DPL.0013
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
The Underground Railroad in Illinois
Description
An account of the resource
Photocopy of pages from the book The Underground Railroad in Illinois by Glennette Tilley Turner related to other resources that talked about the Underground Railroad.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Turner, Glennette Tilley
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Newman Educational Publishing
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
Published 2001
Accessed 02/27/2002
Language
A language of the resource
English
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
DPL.0013.007
A Different Kind of Christmas
A Girl Called Boy
A Job for Jeremiah
A Lantern in the Window
A Picture Book of Harriet Tubman
A Picture Book of Sojourner Truth
A Place Called Mother Hubbard Cupboard
A Quaker Pioneer: Laura Haviland Superintendent of the Underground Railroad
A School for Pompey Walker
A Station Master on the Underground Railroad: The Life and Letters of Thomas Garrett
A Towpath to Freedom
A Woman Called Moses
A Woman's Life Work: Including Thirty Years' Service on the Underground Railroad and in the War
A Woman's Life Work: Labors and Experiences of Laura S. Haviland
A.A. Knopf
Abolitionism
Abolitionist Newspapers
Abraham Hall
Abraham Lincoln
Addy Learns a Lesson: A School Story
Addy Walker
Africa
African American Images Bookstore
African American Newspapers
African American Voices
African Americans
African Methodist Episcopal Church
Afro-American Publishing Company
Afro-Americans '76: Black Americans in the Founding of Our Nation
Agnes Miller
Aileen Lucia Fisher
Alabama
Alex Haley
Alice Childress
Allan Pinkerton
Allen Jay
Allen Jay and the Underground Railroad
Ambrose Headen
American Antiquarian Society
American Civil War
American Revolutionary War
Amistad
Amistad Case
Amos Fortune
Amos Fortune Free Man
and Blanche K. Bruce
And Forever Free
And Why Not Every Man? An Account of Slavery the Underground Railroad and the Road to Freedom in New York's Southern Tier
Ann Donegan Johnson
Ann McGovern
Ann Warren Turner
Anna Elizabeth Lewis Hudlun
Anna Hudlun
Anna Louis Curtis
Anne Benjamin
Anne Lane Petry
Anne Terry White
Anthony Burns
Anthony Burns: The Defeat and Triumph of a Fugitive Slave
Arms of a Stranger
Arna Bontemps
Arno Press
Arthur Huff Fauset
Ashtabula Ohio
Atheneum
Atheneum Books for Young Readers
Aunt Harriet's Underground Railroad in Tide Sky
Aurora Historical Society
Aurora Illinois
Austin Texas
Avi
Avon Books
Ayer Company
B. Ethridge Books
Baltimore Maryland
Barbara Claasen Smucker
Barbara Rirchie
Barney Ford
Barney Ford: Black Baron
Battle Lanterns
Beatrice Steinman
Beech Tree
Belinda Hurmence
Berea Kentucky
Berkley
Bernard Katz
Bethany House Publishers
Bethel Publishing Company
Bibliography
Bigmama's
Black Codes
Black Coutours
Black Woman: A Fictionalized Biography of Lucy Terry Prince
Blanche K. Bruce
Bobbs
Bobbs-Merrill
Booker T. Washington
Born in Bondage
Boston Massachusetts
Bradbury
Brady
Brady Minton
Bree Burns
Brookfield Connecticut
Bruce Pub Company
Burrows Brothers
By Secret Railway
Calvin DeWolf
Canada
Canalboat to Freedom
Captain of the Planter: The Story of Robert Smalls
Carolrhoda Books
Cezanne Pinto
Cezanne Pinto: A Memoir
Champaign Illinois
Charles L. Blockson
Charles Ludwig
Charles Paul May
Charles Sullivan
Chelsea House Publishers
Chelsea Juniors
Chicago Board of Trade
Chicago Board of Trade Hall of Celebrities
Chicago Illinois
Chicago Public Library
Chicago Public Library Vivian G. Harsh Collection
Chicago Public Library Viviian G. Harsh Collection
Chicago Tribune
Chicago Tribune Sunday Magazine
Chickamauga and the Underground Railroad: A Tale of Two Grandfathers
Children of Promise: African American Literature and Art for Young People
Children's Press
Childrens Press Choice
Christmas in the Big House Christmas in the Quarters
Christopher Collier
Cincinnati Ohio
Citadel
Clarion
Clarion Books
Classroom for the Future
Cleveland Ohio
Cobblehill Books
College Hill Historical Society
Collier Books
Columbus Ohio
Come Morning
Confederate States of America
Connecticut
Connie Rose Porter
Cooper
Corrie and the Yankee
Courtni Crump Wright
Coward McCann and Geoghegan
Creative Education
Criterion Books
Crowell
Crown
Curtis Strode
Cynthia Fitterer Klingel
Dan Elisha
Danbury Connecticut
Danice Allen
Daniel Webster Jackson and the Wrongway Railway
David A. Adler
David Bradley
David Morgan
David West
Deborah Hopkinson
Deerfield Illinois
Deerfield Public Library
Delaware
Dell
Dell Publishing Company
Denver Colorado
DePaul University
DePaul Unizersity English Department
Detroit Michigan
Dial Press
Diana Braithwaite
Dies Drear
Dodd
Donald Crews
Donyell Gray
Doreen Rappaport
Dorothy Hoobler
Dorothy Sterling
Doubleday
Douglas T. Miller
Downers Grove Illinois
Dragonfly Books
Dundee Illinois
DuPage County Illinois
E.P. Dutton
East Lansing Michigan
Eber M. Pettit
Edith M. Gaines
Edmonia Lewis
Eleanor Weakley Nolen
Elgin Illinois
Elgin Second Baptist Church
Elizabeth F. Chittenden
Elizabeth Yates
Elkhart Indiana
Ellen Craft
Ellen Levine
Eloise Greenfield
Emancipation Proclamation
Emma Gelders Sterne
Empak Enterprises
England
Englewood Cliffs New Jersey
Enid La Monte Meadowcroft
Erie County New York
Erie Freedom Side
Escape
Escape from Slavery: Five Journeys to Freedom
Escape from Slavery: The Boyhood of Frederick Douglass in His Own Words
Escape to Freedom
Escape to Freedom: A Play About Young Frederick Douglass
Eugene Winslow
Exposition Press
F. Watts
F.N. Monjo
Facts on File
Faith Ringgold
Farrar Straus and Giroux
Fawcett Columbine
Fire Angel
First Avenue Editions
First Baptist Congregational Church
Flight to Freedom: The Story of the Underground Railroad
Florence B. Freedman
Florence Hayes
Follett Publishing Company
Follow the Drinking Gourd
Forever Free
Forever Free: The Story of the Emancipation Proclamation
Fort Sumter
Four Took Freedom: The Lives of Harriet Tubman
Four Winds Press
Fox River
Francene Sabin
Frances Cavanah
Frances Williams Browin
Franics Overton
Frank Hayward Severance
Frank McQuilkin
Franklin Watts
Frederick Douglass
Frederick Douglass and the Fight for Freedom
Frederick Douglass: Slave Fighters Freeman
Frederick Douglass: The Black Lion
Frederick McKissack
Fredonia New York
Free Frank: A Black Pioneer on the Antebellum Frontier
Freedom Crossing
Freedom Light
Freedom River
Freedom Trail
Freedom Train: The Story of Harriet Tubman
Freedom's Tremendous Cost
From Dixie to Canada: Romance and Reality of the Underground Railroad
From Slave to Abolitionist: The Life of William Wells Brown
Fugitive Slave Acts
Fugitive Slaves
Fulton County Illinois
Funk and Wagnalls
G. Allen Foster
G.A. Johnson Publishing
Galesburg Illinois
Garden City New York
Garrard Publishing Company
Gary Smith
Gateway Press
Genevieve Gray
Georgia
Georgia Johnson
Get on Board: The Story of the Underground Railroad
Ghost Hotel
Glen Ellyn Illinois
Glennette Tilley Turner
Glennette Turner
Go Free or Die: A Story About Harriet Tubman
Grand Rapids Michigan
Grand River Institute
Great Chicago Fire
Greek
Greenwillow Books
Grollier
H.U. Johnson
Haiti
Hannah Courageous
Hannah Stivers
Harcourt Brace and Company
Harcourt Brace Children's Books
Harper
Harper and Row
Harper's Ferry
HarperCollins
Harriet and the Promised Land
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Harriet Tubman
Harriet Tubman and Black History Month
Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad
Harriet Tubman Black Liberator
Harriet Tubman: Antislavery Activist
Harriet Tubman: Call to Freedom
Harriet Tubman: Conductor on the Underground Railroad
Harriet Tubman: Guide to Freedom
Harriet Tubman: Slavery and the Underground Railroad
Harriet Tubman: The Moses of Her People
Harriet Tubman: The Road to Freedom
Harriet Tubman: They Called Me Moses
Harriet Tubman's Famous Christmas Eve Raid
Harriette Robinet
Harry N. Abrams
Harvard University Press
Hayden Book Company
Heart of the Lakes Publishing
Helen C. Phelan
Helen Pierce Jacob
Henrietta Buckmaster
Henry O. Flipper
Hildegarde Hoyt Swift
Hildreth Tyler Wristen
Hinsdale Illinois
Hippocrene Books
Hippocrene Guide to the Underground Railroad
History of the Underground Railroad as It Was Conducted by the Anti-Slavery League
History of the Underground Railroad in Chester and the Neighboring Counties of Pennsylvania
Holiday House
Homer Uri Johnson
Honey I Love
Horatio T. Strother
Houghton
Houghton Mifflin Company
Howard University
Howard University Moorland-Spingarn Research Center
Hudson Ohio
Hudson Ohio and the Underground Railroad
Huntington Indiana
If You Please President Lincoln
If You Traveled on the Underground Railroad
Illinois
Illinois Libraries
Illinois State Library
Indiana
Indianapolis Indiana
Interlake New York
Iris Gilmore
Isabella McMeekin
Israel Blodgett
J. Carlson
J. Messner
J.W. Cockrum
Jacob Lawrence
James A. McGowan
James C. Birney
James C. Winston Publishers
James F. Caccamo
James Forman
James Haskins
James Lincoln Collier
James M. McPherson
James O. Bond
James William
James WIlliams
Jane Kristof
Jane Polcovar
Jayhawker
Jean Fritz
Jeanne Williams
Jeannette Winter
Jennifer Armstrong
Jeri Ferris
Jermain Wesley Loguen
Joan A. Anderson
Joanna Halpert Kraus
Joanne WIlliamson
Joe Coe
John Anthony Scott
John Brown
John Brown's of Harper's Ferry
John Jones
John Parker
John Quincy Adams
John Rankin
John Scobell
John Wagner
Jonathan Katz
Joseph Henry Hudlan Senior
Joseph Hudlun
Josiah Henson
Journey Cake
Journey to Freedom: A Story of the Underground Railroad
Judith Bentley
Juliet E.K. Walker
Julius Lester
Julius Warren
Justice of the Peace
Kansas
Kate Connell
Kate McMullan
Kathie Billingslea Smith
Kathleen Bethel
Kathryn Browne Pfeifer
Kentucky
Knopf
Kumi and Chanti Tell the Story of Harriet Tubman
L.C. Paine Freerer
La Jolla California
Lake Erie
Lancaster Pennsylvania
Lanham Maryland
Larry and the Freedom Man
Larry Gara
Larry Weinberg
Last Chance for Freedom
Latin
Laura Long
Laura S. Haviland
Laura Smith Haviland
LaVerne C. Johnson
Lee Kinard
Leslie D. Guccione
Let My People Go: The Story of the Underground Railroad and the Growth of the Abolition Movement
Letters
Levi Coffin
Levi Coffin and the Underground Railroad
Lewis Howard Latimer
Lexington Kentucky
Liberty Party
Life and Adventures of James William A Fugitive Slave with a Full Description of the Underground Railroad
Life and Times of Frederick Douglass
Lije Tulley
Lillie Patterson
Linda D. Meyer
Lippincott
Lippincott Grambo and Company
Livonia Michigan
Lloyd Augustus Hall
Lodestar Books
Logan Reyford
Lois Ruby
Lombard Illinois
London England
Long Journey Home: Stories from Black History
Long's College Book Company
Longman
Longmans
Looking for Orlando
Los Angeles California
Lothrop
Louise Riley
Lowell Hayes Harrison
Lucille Schulberg Warner
Lucy Jane Bledsoe
Lucy Terry Prince
Lurey Khan
Macmillan
Mahwah New Jersey
Make Free: The Story of the Underground Railroad
Makin' Free: African Americans in the Northwest Territory
Mankato Minnesota
Many Thousand Gone: African Americans From Slavery to Freedom
Marcia M. Mathews
Marcie Miller Stadelhofen
Marcy Heidish
Margaret Gogg Clark
Margaret Hagler
Marguerite DeAngeli
Marian Talmudge
Marian W. Taylor
Marian Wells
Marie Jenkins Schwartz
Marjorie Hill Allee
Marjory Stoneman Douglas
Marjory Stoneman Douglass
Marlene Targ-Brill
Martha and Elvira: A One Act Play
Martin Luther King Jr.
Marvin Benjamin Butler
Mary Collins Dunne
Mary Stolz
Matthew G. Grant
May McNeer
Mean to be Free: A Flight North on the Underground Railroad
Meet Addy: An American Girl
Megan McClard
Merritt Parmelee Allen
Messner
Miami Florida
Michael J. Rosen
Michael McCurdey
Michele Stepto
Middleton Wisconsin
Middletown Connecticut
Mildred Barger Herschler
Mildred E. Danforth
Millbrook Press
Milton Meltzer
Mimi Cooper Levy
Minneapolis Minnesota
Miriam Grace Monfredo
Mississippi
Missouri
Morrow Junior Books
Moylan Pennsylvania
Mr. Frank the Underground Mail Agent
My Eyes Have Seen the Glory: A College Hill Sourcebook of Black History
My Story of the Civil War and the Underground Railroad
Nancy Henderson
NASA Headquarters
Nashville Tennessee
Nat Brandt
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
National Geographic
National Park Service
National Parks and Conservation Association
National Parks and Conservation Association Magazine
Negro Universities Press
Nettie's Trip South
New Day Press
New Dreams for Old
New England
New Plays for Children
New Readers Press
New York City New York
New York Puffin Books
Newman
Newman Educational Publishing
Newspapers
Next Stop Freedom: The Story of a Slave Girl
North Carolina
North Star Conspiracy
North to Liberty: The Story of the Underground Railroad
Northwestern University
Nystrom
Oak Tree Publications
Oakland City Indiana
Office of the Journal
Official Records
Ohio
Old Tappan New Jersey
Old Trails on the Niagara Frontier
Olivet Baptist Church
One Day Levin ... He Be Free: William Still and the Underground Railroad
Orchard Books
Orwell Ohio
Ossie Davis
Overton Farm
Oxford University Press
Pamphlets
Pantheon
Pantheon Books
Parenting Press
Patricia Beatty
Patricia C. McKissack
Patricia McKissack
Patricia Polacco
Patsy Becvar
Paula Fox
Peg Leg Joe
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society
Philadelphia Pennsylvania
Philadelphia Vigilance Committees
Philip Sterling
Philo Carpenter
Philomel Books
Pink and Say
Pinkus Alee
Pleasant Company
Polly Carter
Pompey Walker
Profiles in Black and White: Stories of Men and Women Who Fought Against Slavery
Providence Rhode Island
Puffin Books
Putnam
Quacker
Quakers
Quercus
Quincy Illinois
Quinn Chapel AME Church
R and E Research Associates
R. Conrad Stein
Rae Rains
Raelene Phillips
Raintree Steck-Vaughn
Ralph Ellison
Random House
Raymond Bial
Rebecca Wright
Reginald Larrie
Reminiscences of Levi Coffin
Rhoda W. Backmeister
Richard D. Sears
Richard DeBaptiste
Richard T. Greener
Richard Wright
Richmond Virginia
Ripley Ohio
Rita Dove
Roanoke Island North Carolina
Robert Alan Scott
Robert Clemens Smedley
Robert Smalls
Robert Wayne Walker
Rosa Parks
Rowayton Connecticut
Runaway Slave: The Story of Harriet Tubman
Runaway to Freedom: A Story of the Underground Railroad
Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom or the Escape of William and Ellen Craft from Slavery
Running for Our Lives
Ruth Fosdick Jones
S. Epstein
S.B. Shaw Publishers
S.R. Scottron
Salem New Hampshire
Sally Carrighar
Sally Marcey
San Diego California
Sandra Forrester
Sarah Bradford
Sarah West
Saratoga California
Satchel Paige
Say Curtis
Scarsdale New York
Scholastic
Scholastic Book Services
Scholastic Incorporated
Schuman
Scribner
Seattle Washington
Secaucus New Jersey
Seedlings Braille Books for Children
Seminole Native American
Shaaron Cosner
Sheldon Peck
Shirley Graham
Sickler
Silver Burdett Press
Silver Press
Simon and Schuster
Sister Vision
Sketches in the History of The Underground Railroad
Skid
Slavery
Sojourner Truth
Sojourner Truth: Ain't I A Woman
Sojourner Truth: God's Faithful Pilgrim
Something Upstairs
Song of Jubilee
Songs of the Underground Railroad
Sound the Jubilee
South Carolina
Speeches
St. Martin's Press
Steal Away
Steal Away Home
Stories of the Underground Railroad
Stranger in the Pines
Stranger in the Storm
Susan's Secret
Susanna and Tristram
Sweet Clara and the Freedom Quilt
Syracuse University Press
T. Nelson
T.Y. Crowell Company
Take a Walk in Their Shoes
Tales from the Underground Railroad
Terry Bisson
The Antislavery Movement in Kentucky
The Black Man in the Land of Equality
The Chaneysville Incident
The Day of Small Things: Abolitionism in Midst Slavery Berea Kentucky
The Diary of Strawbridge Place
The Drinking Gourd: A Story of the Underground Railroad
The Eyes and Ears of the Civil War
The Freedom Star
The Friends of the Hudson Library Incorporated
The Glass Dove
The Great Migration: An American Story
The History Channel
The House of Dies Drear
The Island Workshop Press Co-Op
The Liberty Line: The Legend of the Underground Railroad
The Long Black Schooner; The Voyage of the Amistad
The Mysteries of Ohio's Underground Railroads
The Mystery of Drear House: The Conclusion of the Dies Drear Chronicle
The Negro's Civil War: How Negroes Felt and Acted During the War for the Union
The People Could Fly: American Black Folktales
The Railroad to Freedom: A Story of the Civil War
The Rev. J.W. Loguen as a Slave and as a Freeman
The Secret of Captives' Cave
The Silver Highway
The Slave Dancer
The Society
The Story of Harriet Tubman: Conductor of the Underground Railroad
The Story of the Underground Railroad
The Town that Started the Civil War
The Truth About the Man Behind the Book That Sparked the War Between the States
The Underground Railroad
The Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom
The Underground Railroad in Connecticut
The Underground Railroad in DuPage
The Underground Railroad in Illinois
The Underground Railroad in Massachusetts
The Underground Railroad: Connections to Freedom and Science
The United Brethren Publishing Establishment
The Value of Helping: The Story of Harriet Tubman
The Yellow Bone Ring
Thee Hannah
There Once Was a Slave: The Heroic Story of Frederick Douglass
Think Black: An Introduction to Black Political Power
This Railroad Disappears
This Strange New Feeling
Thomas Falls
Thomas J. Ladenburg
Thomas T. Crowell Company
To Be a Slave
Tom Person
Toni Morrison
Toronto Canada
Trail Through DuPage County
Train for Tiger Lily
Troll Associates
Trumpet Club
Twenty-First Century Books
Two Tickets to Freedom: The True Story of Ellen and William Craft Fugitive Slaves
Tyndale House Publishers
Underground Man
Underground Railroad
Union Army African American Regiments
Union Army First South Carolina Volunteers
Union Army Indiana Volunteers 44th Regiment
United States National Park Service
United States National Park Service Underground Railroad Special Resource Study
United States Supreme Court
University of Kentucky Press
University of North Carolina Press
University Press of America
University Press of Kentucky
Up from Slavery an Autobiography
Valiant Press
Value Communications
Vidi
Viking
Virginia
Virginia Hamilton
Vivian G. Harsh
Viviian G. Harsh
Vladivostok Russia
Voices in the Night
W. McKinstry and Son
W. Tweedie
W.E.B. DuBois
Walk Together: Five Plays on Human Rights
Wanted Dead or Alive: The True Story of Harriet Tubman
Warrenville Illinois
Wesleyan University Press
West Point
Western Citizen
Westminster
Wheaton Illinois
When the Rattlesnake Sounds: A Play
Whimsie Press
Who Comes with Cannons
Who is Carrie
Wilbur Henry Siebert
Wilbur Siebert
William Craft
William H. Mitchell
William L. Andrews
William Monroe Cockrum
William S. McFeely
William Still
William Wells Brown
William X. Breyfogle
Williamsburg Household
Williamsburg Virginia
Willie McCay
Worcester Massachusetts
World War II
Young Harriet Tubman: Freedom Fighter
Young Indiana Jones and the Plantation Treasure
Zebina Eastman