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https://archives.deerfieldlibrary.org/files/original/6ca300ea2ec6d27f9cdeff8c2f35e22a.pdf
a5669fd050a86a64821f5e500ac1b94c
PDF Text
Text
Out
To: buxton@ciaccess.com
Subject: local historical research
Page 1 of 1
a. J (? jo 2, &Q. i. dC~
Can you please check your files to see if you can find any reference confirming the existence
of a "Andrew Jackson" from Mississippi who passed through Deerfield, Illinois on the
Underground
Railroad circa 1858-1860? We are trying to confirm a local story that says Deerfield
abolitionist Lyman Wilmot arranged for him to live with and work for the Lorenz Ott family one
winter until he could head north to Canada in the spring. That family received one letter saying
he had arrived safely, but that was the last they heard of him. Unfortunately, we do not know if
"Andrew Jackson" was his real name. There is a fugitive narrative by someone else with the
same name written earlier (1847) but that person was from Kentucky and the circumstances
do not seem to match our fugitive's, who was supposed to have been the son of a white
master and a black slave.
I tried to search the list of names on your web site, the one following the list of families, but
all I got was the message "not found" for the link to the "persons" - perhaps you can search
this a different way?
Also, if you have any other suggestions, we would appreciate it. Thank you.
Sincerely, C.H. Wargo, Reference Librarian
Printed for Deerfield Public Library Reference <dfrefdesk@nslsilus.org>
2/6/02
�http://www.ciaccess.com/~jdnewby/sumames_found.htm
urnames Found in BME Cemetery
*. .
buxton Thenational
historic site & museum
Buxton (Elgin) Settlement - A Cultural Landscape
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(5897-bytes)
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Buxton
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Surnames found in the
I British Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery
Taken from transcriptions courtesy of Kent Genealogical Society and the Ccmctary Board
Print This Page?
Anderson
Banister
Bell
B inford
Black
Brooks
Brown
Burfit
Burke
Burse
Burton
Calendar
Carter
Chase
Chavis
Collins
Cooper
Cosby
Craig
Cronan
Cromwell
Cronan
Crosby
Crosswhight
Drake
Doo
Doston
Drys
Dyke
Ellezy
Enos
Evans
Freeman
Garel
Givens
Gray
Griffin
Griffith
Groce
Gunn
Harden
Harding
Harris
Harrison
Hawkins
Hicks
Hooper^
JacksorD
Johnson
Johnston
Jones
Kersey
Lawson
Lewis
Malone
Malott
Martin
Matthews
Middleton
Miller
Moore
Morris
Morton
Newby
Nuby
Owens
Park
Parker
Parsons
Patton
Peaker
Peker
Pierce
Poindexter
Prince
Redding
Rice
Richardson
Riddle
Robbins
Robinson
Ross
Sanders
Scott
Segee
Shadd
Short
Shreve
Simms
Smith
Steele
Thomas
Timbers
Toyer
Travis
Tyler
Vincent
Walker
Watts
Webb
White
Wilson
Zebbs
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2/6/02 2:42 PM
�background
http://www.ciacccss.com/~jdncwby/backgrou.htm
buxton national historic site & museum
The Buxton (Elgin) Settlement - A Cultural Landscape,
Background
jnfonnation
History
Events
Contributions
Interactive Pages
External Links
Newsletters Etc
Gifts Books Etc
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‘•Hr ssmrnxi
Herrtege Tour
Send Mail to
Buxton
THIS MUSEUM, officially opened in 1967. was Raleigh Township’s Centennial Project as a memorial to the Elgin
Settlement, haven for the fugitives of the American system of slavery in the pre-Civil War years.
THE ELGIN SETTLEMENT, which was for many the last stop on the Underground Railroad, was founded in 1849. Under
the guidance and supervision of Rev. William King, litis historic Black settlement soon nourished, becoming a self sufficient
community of some 1200 to 2000 persons. Its first school, the Buxton Mission School, soon surpassed its neighbours in
academic achievements. The settlement built around an agricultural economy included many thriving businesses owned and
operated by the settlers, such a saw and grist mill, a potash and pearlash factors', a brick yard, hotel, blacksmith shop, and dry
goods store, among others. Part of the success of many of the early inhabitants was assisted by the fact that the employment
opportunities offered by the construction of the cross-Canada railway enabled them to purchase outright the land they had
settled. And their many achievements were enhanced by the emphasis they placed on quality education for themselves and
their children.
THE SECOND SCHOOL, set up in the northern end of the settlement now functions as part of the museum. The tlirce
churches built during the settlement’s early years still serve this community. The road and drainage systems built by the early
settlers still serve the widespread farming area.
FOLLOWING THE CIVIL WAR and during the period of reconstruction in the States, many of the settlers returned to their
homes in the south to help educate their recently emancipated friends and neighbours.
NOW KNOWN AS BUXTON, the Elgin Settlement is one of the few remaining Black Canadian settlements still in
existence since the pre-Civil War era. It is a community which has, to a large extent, preserved the co-operative way of life
with which it was begun.
THE OLD SCHOOL (1861) and cemetery (1S57) are on the grounds adjacent to the museum. Farm implements and tools of
the times, household good and furnishings, clothing, jewelry, personal belongings of some ofthe original settlers, and much
more, are all displayed to bring to life the era of the nourishing Elgin Settlement. A part of history gone but not forgotten.
Website by
JDNEWBY
The Museum is maintained through grants from the Municipality of Chatham - Kent, and the Ontario Ministry of Culture
and Communication, admission fees, and donations.
Facilities include a large picnic shelter and barbecue, washrooms, a wheelchair access ramp to the museum and plenty of free
parking Of special note is the Research Area which contains resource materials pertaining to local history and genealogy.
North Buxton Today is inhabited, for the most part, by descendants of those original settlers who elected to remain in
Canada. Though no longer the nourishing community it once was, it still remains a vital and active Black Canadian village,
which continues to remember and preserve its role, and its roots in North American Black history and in the history of
Canada. In 1964 these descendants petitioned the Raleigh Township Council to allow them to use the grants provided for
Centennial projects by the Federal and Provincial Governments. Raleigh's share of the money that had to be raised was raised
entirely within the village of North Buxton, through the efforts of the villagers.
THE MUSEUM'S PRIME CONCERN, is the preservation of material and artifacts of Raleigh, with special emphasis on the
history and accomplishments of the original settlers in the Elgin Settlement and their descendants. Among oilier things, it
houses the bed, dresser, diary and copies of'papers belonging to Rev. William King as well as many other articles and papers
of historical significance in this community.
SINCE 1972, RESEARCH has been carried out on the families of Buxton. Most of the people of the Elgin Settlement have
been identified and indexed and considerable other information is now available in the museum, in forms of records and
family trees. Although the research has been done mainly on Elgin Settlement people, it was inevitable that it would extend
into other areas as well. If you are looking for your "roots", we may have a piece of the puzzle.
THE BUXTON HISTORIC SITE & MUSEUM now includes a well-stocked research library, a cultural room where the
works of several Black artists of local origins are on display, and where video presentations detailing the area can be viewed
by appointment.
lofl
2/6/02 2:54 PM
�Research Mat
crials
life
Horny
Map lO HllVInn
Research Materials
Some Huxton Names
hltp://\wvw.ciacccss.com/~jdnc\vby/rescarch.htm
buxtort national historic site & museum
The Buxton (Elgin) Settlement - A Cultural Landscape
Reference Library
This list contains many but not all ofthe resources availablefor the visitor to the museum.
This list was compiled by a summer student n'orking at the museum in the summer of1996.
In addition to the materialsfound here are genealogical records ofmost Buxtonfamilies.
Search this site!
Use your browser's find or search function to see if we have the material you are looking for.
j Search
Tf+tysUf*.
cxm-wi
Heritage Tour
A
Abdull, Raoul, ed. The Magic of Black Poetry.
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African Cultural Heritage. Michigan 4-H Youth Programs. Cooperative Extension Service.
Send Mail to
Buxton
African Culture Series: Native Musical Instruments.
Detroit: Children's Museum, Detroit Public Schools. Children's Book.
Website by
JDXEIVBY
Albert, Frances Jacob, ed. Sod House Memories: A Treasury of Soddy Stories. 1972.
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Pathfinders of Liberty and Truth. 1940. 2 copies.
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August 1986. June 1991.
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Anderson, O.P. Harper's Ferry.
Apostle: British Methodist Episcopal Church.
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January 1977, Vol. 1, No.2
April 1977, Vol. 1, No. 2.
May 1978, Vol. 2, No. 2.
November 1978, Vol. 2, No. 3.
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December 1979, Vol. 3, No. 2.
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1981.
B
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Scott McGehee and Susan Watson, eds. December 1980.
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hotels would take you in.
But for the open road, you packed a Green Book." Subject: The Negro Traveler's Green Book.
In The Detroit News: Michigan. 9 October 1988.
On Black History: Nova Scotia - A Pictorial. Halifax: Nova Scotia Human Rights Commission.
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Breon, Robin and Vera Cudjoe. The Story of Mary Ann Shadd.
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Cain, Allred E. Negro Heritage Reader for Young People.
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The Canadian Journal of Canadian Conservation Institute.
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Chavers-Wright, Madrue. The Guarantee - P.W. Chavers: Banker, Entrepreneur Philanthropist in
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Choquette, Robert. Ontario: An Informal History of Its Land and Its People.
Ministry of Education. 2 copies.
Ministry of Citizenship and Culture. An Enduring Heritage: Black Contributions to Early Ontario.
Text prepared by Roger Riendeau. Toronto: Dundum Press Limited, 1984.
Ministry of Citizenship and Culture. Heritage: Giving Our Past a Future.
Ontario Heritage Policy Review. April 1987.
Canot, Theodore (captain) Adventures of an African Slaver.
1854. New York: Garden City Publishing Co., Inc.
Clemens, Samuel L. Huckleberry Finn.
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Coles, Robert. Dead End School. Illustrated by Norman Rockwell.
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The Crisis: A Record of the Darker Races.
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Curtis, James C. and Lewis L. Gould, eds.
The Black Experience in America: Selected Essays. 1970.
D
Davis, Russell H. Black Americans in Cleveland From George Peake to Carl B. Stokes. 1972.
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Detroit's Black Heritage., .a partial guide to people and places significant in the history of Detroit
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D'Oyley, Enid and Rella Braithvvaite, eds and comps. Women of Our Times.
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in Canada.
Boston: John P. Jewett and Company, 1856.
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Wallaceburg: Standard Press, 1975. 2 copies
E
Elgin Settlement: First Settler Records.
Emancipation Festivities and Program. 1 -3 August 1981. Windsor.
Epstein, Sam and Beryl. George Washington Carver, Negro Scientist: A Discovery Book.
Illustrated by William Moyers. Illinois: Garrard Publishing Co., 1960.
Essence. Magazine. April 1993.
F
Fast, Howard. Freedom Road. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce Publishers, 1944.
Chatham Welcomes Fergie Home. Subject: Fergie Jenkins.
Fitzhugh, Louise. Nobody's Family is Going to Change.
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Fraser, Anne. The Blacks of Niagara Falls 1850 - 1989. B.A. Thesis.
St. Catharines: Brock University, 1989.
French, Gary E. Men of Colour: An Historical Account of the Black Settlement on Wilberforce
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Orillia: Dyment-Slubley Printers, 1978. 2 copies.
From Slaveiy to Freedom...an essay in progress.
Information Booklet. University of Windsor: Hiram Walker and Sons, Ltd., 1965. 2 copies.
G
Gaines, Ernest J. The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman.
8th ed. New York: Bantam Books, 1971.
The Geneological Helper: Dedicated to Helping People Find More Genealogy.
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Goss, Linda and Marian E. Barnes, eds. Talk That Talk: An Anthology of African American
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Storytelling.
Toronto: Simon and Schuster/Touchstone, 1989.
Graham, Shirley. Booker T. Washington : Educator of Hand, Head, and Heart.
13th ed. New York: Julian Messner, 1969.
Greene, Robert Ewell. The Leary-Evans, Ohio's Free People of Colour.
Foreward by Dorothy Inborden Miller. Washington, D.C.: Hickman Printing Inc., 1989.
H
Hamil, Fred Coyne. The Valley of the Lower Thames 1640 - 1850 .
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Harding, Vincent. There Is a River: The Black Struggle for Freedom in America.
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Toronto.
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Henson, Josiah. The Life of Josiah Henson, Formerly a Slave. Boston: Arthur D. Phelps, 1949.
Hill, Daniel G. Human Rights in Canada: A Focus on Racism.
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Hill, Lawrence. Women of Vision: The Story of the Canadian Negro Women's Association 1951 1976.
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Howe, S.G. Refugees From Slavery in Canada West: Report to the Freedmen's Inquiry Commission.
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I
International Library of Negro Life and History.
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"The History of the Negro in Medicine," by Herbert M. Morais.
" Negro Americans in the Civil War," by Charles Wesley and Patricia W. Romero.
"Anthology of the American Negro in the Theatre," by Lindsay Patterson.
"The Negro in Music and Art," by Lindsay Patterson.
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International Review of African American Art. Samella Lewis, ed. Vol.6, No. 2. 2 copies
J
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Jackson, Dave and Nela. Escape From the Slave Traders.
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L
Ladd, Glen. Gleanings From the Glen. 1974.
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M
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Dublin Core
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Title
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Lyman Wilmot House
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This collection consists of records related to the Deerfield Public Library's research into whether or not the Wilmot house could be proved to have been a stop on the Underground Railroad.
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Deerfield Public Library
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Deerfield Public Library
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Deerfield Public Library
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2002
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English
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DPL.0013
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Title
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Local Historical Research
Description
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Printout of email from the Deerfield Public Library to the Buxton National Historic Site with an information request for Andrew Jackson; printouts from website for the Buxton National Historic Site with highlighting and handwritten notes related to Andrew Jackson.
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Wargo, Cindy H.
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Buxton National Historic Site
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02/06/2002
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English
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DPL.0013.036
A Gallery of Harlem Portraits
A Heritage: A Congregational History Bleheim United Church
A History of Dresden
A Living History: Voices of the Past Speak to the Present
A Magazine of Negro Comment
A North-Side View of Slavery - The Refugee
A Pictoral History of the Negro in America
A Plea for Emigration: Notes on Canada West
A Rage for Order: Black-White Relations in the American South Since Emancipation
A Review of Contemporary Photography in Canada
A Traveler's Guide to Two Cities: Boston and New Orleans
A.C. Robbins
Abraham Lincoln
Adrienne Shadd
Adventures of an African Slaver
Africa Publications Trust
African American Genealogical Sourcebook
African Cultural Heritage
African Culture Series: Native Musical Instruments
African Journey
Agricultural Economy
Alex Haley
Alfred E. Cain
All Around the Square: Feliciana and East and West Feliciana Parishes
American Black Women in the Arts and Sciences: A Bibliographic Survey
American Civil War
American Reconstruction Era
American Visions: The Magazine of Afro-American Culture
Amherstburg Ontario Canada
Amherstburg Regular Missionary Baptist Association: Its Auxiliaries and Churches
Amos Fortune Free Man
AMS Press
An Enduring Heritage: Black Contributions to Early Ontario
An Epic of Heroism: The Underground Railroad in Michigan 1837-1870
Anderson
Andrew Jackson
Ann Grifalconi
Anne Fraser
Anne Straith Jamieson
Anthology of the American Nego in the Theatre
Archives of Ontario
Arno Press
Arthur D. Phelps
Arthur L. Tolson
Artis Lane
Autobiography of Rev. William King and Supplementary Papers
Baltimore Maryland
Banister
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Barbara McCall
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Barnwell Mabel and Bernice Peacock Biographical Index
Basil Mathews
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Before the Mayflower: The History of the Negro in America 1619-1964
Bell
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Bernard Katz
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Bicentennial Collector's Issue
Bill Waddell
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Black
Black Abolitionists in Canada West to 1960
Black Africa: Language and LIterature
Black Americans in Cleveland from George Peake to Carl B. Stokes
Black Heritage Discovery
Black Perspectives on the Bicentennial: Blacks and US Wars
Black Perspectives on the Bicentennial: Economic Progress of Blacks After 200 Years
Black Perspectives on the Bicentennial: The Black Press and the First Amendment
Black Presence in Multi-Ethnic Canada
Black Students in Urban Canada
Black Studies: A Resource Guide for Teachers
Blacks in Detroit: A Reprint of Articles from the Detroit Free Press
Blaine Ethridge Books
Booker T. Washington
Booker T. Washington: Educator of Hand Head and Heart
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Brian Lanker
British Methodist Episcopal Church
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Brown
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Burfit
Burke
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Burton
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Buxton Churches
Buxton Mission School
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Buxton Settlement Canada
Buxton the Liberator
Calendar
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Canada
Canada Historic Sites and Monuments Board
Canadian Canaan: A History of Black Baptists in Ontario
Canadian Federal Government
Canadian Government
Canadian History
Canadian Medical Association Journal
Canadian Negro Women's Association
Canadian Negro Women's Association Incorporated
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Carib-Can Publishers
Carl B. Stokes
Carl E. James
Carl Owens
Carrie M. Best
Carter
Case Studies
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Charlesbridge Publishing
Charlotte Bronte Perry
Charro Press Incorporated
Chase
Chatham Ontario Canada
Chatham Welcomes Fergie Home
Chatham-Kent Municipality
Chavis
Chester County Pennsylvania
Chicago Illinois
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Clarion Publishing Company
Clarke Irwin and Company
Cleveland Ohio
Cobblehill Books
Colin McFarquhar
Collins
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Community Action Programs
Connecticut
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Cornan
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Detroit Black Historic Sites
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Dick Frank
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Doo
Dood Mead and Company
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Dorothy Shadd Shreve
Doston
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Down Our Road: Written for the Charing Cross Centennial 1973
Drake
Dred: A Tale of the Dismal Swamp
Dresden Ontario Canada
Dresden Times
Drys
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Dundurn Press Limited
Dyke
Dyment-Stubley Printers
Ebony Magazine
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Educational Heritage Incorporated
Edwards Printing Company
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Ellezy
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Email
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Englewood Cliffs
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Enos
Ernest J. Gaines
Escape from Slavery: The Underground Railroad
Escape from the Slave Traders
Eslanda Goode Robeson
Essence Magazine
Evans
Eyewitness: The Negro in American History
F. Hubner and Company Incorporated
F.A. Robinson
Fergie Jenkins
Ferguson Jenkins
Fifty Mighty Men
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Frances Jacob Albert
Frank L. Morris
Frank W. Anderson
Fred Coyne Hamil
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Fritz Kredel
From Slavery to Freedom
Fund for New Priorities in America
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Genealogical Reference Data
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George Vass
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George Washington Carver Negro Scientist: A Discovery Book
Ghana
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Green Book
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Griffith
Groce
Gunn
Gwendolyn Robinson
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Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
Harden
Harding
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Harper's Ferry
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Harris
Harrison
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Hawkins
Henry Regnery Company
Herbert M. Morais
Heritage: Giving Our Past a Future
Hickman Printing Incorporated
Hicks
Hilda Dungy
Hiram Walker and Sons Limited
Historical Negro Biographies
History of Public General Hospital School of Nursing
Hooper
Howard Fast
Huckleberry Finn
Human Relations: The Right to Live in Dignity
Human Rights in Canada: A Focus on Racism
Hutchison and Company Limited
I Dream a World: Portrais of Black Women Who Changed America
If This is the Time
Illinois
Impact Enterprises Incorporated
International Library of Negro Life and History
International Prince Hall Day
International Review of African American Art
Isidre Mones
J. Carlyle Parker
J. Earl Burr
J.A. Griffin
J.A. Mitton
J.A. Rogers
J.B. Pole Printing
Jackson
James C. Curtis
James W. Walker
Jane Pittman
Jennie Johnson
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Jesse!? Jackson's Surprising Surge
Jet Magazine
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Joel Williamson
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John Brown Forte
John Brown's Body
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Langston Hughes
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Lawson
Legacy to Buxton
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Leon F. Litwack
Lerone Bennett Jr.
Levero Lee Carter
Lewis
Lewis L. Gould
Library Service for Genealogists
Like Nobody Else: The Fergie Jenkins Story
Lillie Patterson
Linda Goss
Linda Jean Butler
Lindsay Patterson
Local History
London England
Look to the North Star
Lorenz Ott
Lorraine Monk
Louise Fitzhugh
Lyman Wilmot
Macleans
Madrue Chavers-Wright
Makin' Free: African-Americans in the Northwest Territory
Malone
Malott
Mamie Austin Rouzan
Marian E. Barnes
Marion Matt
Mark Twain
Markham Illinois
Martin
Martin A. Delany
Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin Luther King Jr. To The Mountaintop
Martin Luther King Jr.: Man of Peace
Marvelous Michael Jackson: An Unauthorized Biography
Mary A. Shadd
Mary Ann Shadd
Mary C. Mallory
Mary E. Hatter Quinn
Mary McLoughlin
Mary Shadd Cary
MAtthews
Maya Angelou
McMaster Divinity College
Melfort and District Golden Jubilee Committee
Melvin Tolson
Men of Colour: An Historical Account of the Black Settlement on Wilberforce Street and in Oro Township
Michael Semak
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Michigan 4-H Youth Programs
Michigan Department of Education
Michigan Department of Education Office for Sex Equity
Middleton
Miller
Milton Meltzer
Minneapolis Minnesota
Mississippi
Montreal Quebec Canada
Moore
Morris
Morton
Murder Clues from the Black Museum
Musical Buxton
My Life
My Search for Roots: A Black American's Story
Nat Brandt
National Geographic
National Museums of Canada
National Urban League
Native Son
NC Press Limited
Negro Americans in the Civil War
Negro Digest
Negro Heritage Reader for Young People
Negroes in Ontario From Early Times to 1870
Neta Jackson
New Jersey
New Orleans Louisiana
New York
New York Times
Newby
Niagara Falls Ontario Canada
Niagara Tourist Council
Niagara's Freedom Trail: A Guide to African-Canadian History on the Niagara Peninsula
Nimbus Publishing Limited
Nobody's Family is Going to Change
Nora S. Unwin
Norman McRae
Norman Rockwell
North American Black History
North Buxton Ontario Canada
North of Slavery: The Negro in the Free States 1790-1860
Nova Scotia Canada
Nova Scotia Human Rights Commission
Nuby
Nurses' Alumnae Association
O.P. Anderson
Oberlin Community History
Oberlin Ohio
Ohio
Oklahoma
Olive Publishing Company Limited
On Black History: Nova Scotia - A Pictoral
One Man's Journey: Roy Prince Edward Perry 1905-1972
Ontario Black History Society
Ontario Black History Society Annual Report
Ontario Genealogical Society
Ontario Genealogical Society Kent County Branch
Ontario Heritage Foundation
Ontario Heritage Policy Review
Ontario Human Rights Code and Age Discrimination Act
Ontario Human Rights Commission
Ontario Ministry of Citizenship and Culture
Ontario Ministry of Culture and Communication
Ontario Ministry of Culture and Communications
Ontario Ministry of Education
Ontario: An Informal History of Its Land and Its People
Ora WIlliams
Orillia Ontario Canada
Oro Township Canada
Our North Buxton Heritage: Mary E. Hatter Quinn Memorial
Owen A. Thomas
Owen Burey
Owens
Oxford University Press
P.W. Chavers
Paideia Press
Park
Parker
Parsons
Pathfinders of Liberty and Truth
Patricia W. Romero
Patton
Paul LeClair
Paula K. Byers
Peaker
Pearl Bailey
Pearl's Kitchen: An Extraordinary Cookbook
Peker
Pelican Books
Pennsylvania
People Magazine
Petr Zima
Pierce
Pitman Publishing Corporation
Planted by the Waters: A Genealogy of the Jones-Carter Family
Poindexter
Prentice-Hall
Prince
Printout
Prospective Sites Relating to Black History in Canada
R and S Publishers
R.H. Mottram
Raleigh Ontario Canada
Raleigh Township Canada
Raleigh Township Centennial Project
Raleigh Township Council
Raleigh Township Statute Labour 1838-1847
Raoul Abdull
Reader's Digest
Redbook
Redding
Refugees From Slavery in Canada West
Reginald Larrie
Reginald Witherspoon
Reidmore Books
Rella Braithwaite
Rice
Richard Wright
Richardson
Riddle
Robbins
Robert Brandon
Robert Choquette
Robert Coles
Robert Ewell Greene
Robert M. Farnsworth
Roberta Hughes Wright
Robin Breon
Robinson
Roger Riendeau
Romantic Kent: The Story of a County 1626-1952
Roots
Roots: Back to Africa with an Embattled Alex Haley
Roots: Part II
Ross
Ruby Zagoren
Russell H. Davis
S.G. Howe
Sam Epstein
Samella Lewis
Samuel L. Clemens
Sanders
Sara Bonnett Stein
Saskatoon Canada
Scott
Scott McGehee
Seek the Truth; A Story of Chatham's Black Community
Segee
Shadd
Shadd: The Life and Times of Mary Shadd Cary
Shirley Graham
Short
Shreve
Simcoe County Ontario Canada
Simms
Simon and Schuster
Smith
Sod House Memories: A Treasury of Soddy Stories
Sojourners
South Africa
South Africa: Implications for US Policy - A Congressional Conference
South Buxton First Baptist Church
Southern Africa
Sovenier Program: 65th Anniversary of Union United Church
St. Catharines Ontario Canada
Standard Press
Steele
Stephen Vincent Benet
Stewart Tabori and Chang
Sumner Press
Survivors
Susan Watson
Syracuse New York
Syracuse University Press
Talk a Walk in Their Shoes
Talk That Talk: An Anthology of African American Storytelling
Talking About Difference: Encounters in Culture Language and Identity
Thames Arts Centre
That Lonesome Road
That New Baby: An Open Family Book for Parents and Children Together
The AfriCanadian Church: A Stabilizer
The American Negro: A History in Biography and Pictures
The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman
The Banks Legacy: The Chronicles of a Free Negro Family
The Beginnings of Black Nationalism
The Birth of the Montgomery Bus Boycott
The Birthplace of Our Conference: Souvenier Edition
The Black Battalion 1916-1920 Canada's Best Kept Military Secret
The Black Canadians: Their History and Contributions
The Black Experience
The Black Experience in America: Selected Essays
The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone 1782-1870
The Black Oklahomans: A History
The Black Presence in the Canadian Mosaic
The Blacks of Niagara Falls 1850-1989
The Canadian Journal of Canadian Conservation Institute
The Clash of Colour: A Study in the Problem of Race
The Crisis: A Record of the Darker Races
The Danbury Press
The Dipper Stick: A History of Drainage in Kent County Ontario
The Everton Publishers
The Frank Slide Story
The Freedman's Story
The Genealogical Helper: Dedicated to Helping People Find More Genealogy
The Glenn Carrington Collection
The Guarantee-P.W. Chavers; Banker Entrepreneur Philanthropist in Chicago's Black Belt of the Twenties
The History of the Negro in Medicine
The International Year of the Child
The John Day Company
The Leary-Evans: Ohio's Free People of Colour
The Life of Josiah Henson Formerly a Slave
The Longman Group Limited
The Magic of Black Poetry
The Mercury Press
The Model Negro Colony in Kent County
The Modern Library
The Museum of African American History
The National Film Board of Canada
The Negro in Music and Art
The Negro Since Emancipation
The Negro Traveler's Green Book
The New Buxton Experiment
The New Buxton Experiment Internats Project
The North American Black Historical Museum Celebrates the 150th Anniversary of the Abolition of Slavery Act and Ontario's Bicentennial
The Ontario Register
The Ploughboy and the Nightingale
The Progress of a Race and Select Poems
The Road that Led to Somewhere: A Documented Novel About the Underground Railroad
The Saalfield Publishing Company
The Scarecrow Press
The Social Implications of Early Negro Music in the United States
The Sporting News
The Sporting News: Fifty-Second Hall of Fame Induction Ceremonies Annual Program
The Storied Land: Discovering the Heroes Villans Myths and Legends that Shape the Nation
The Story of Mary Ann Shadd
The Town that Started the Civil War
The Trackless Trail: The Story of the Underground Railroad in Kennett Square Chester County Pennsylvania and the Surrounding Community
The Underground Railroad
The Valley of the Lower Thames 1640-1850
Thelma Quinn Smith
Theodore Canot
There is a River: The Black Struggle for Freedom in America
They Chose Greatness: Women Who Shaped America and the World
They Stopped in Oberlin: Black Residents and Visitors of the Nineteenth Century
Thomas
Thomas B. Wilson
Timbers
Time Magazine
Timothy Ryan
Toronto Ontario Canada
Touchstone
Toyer
Traveling by the Book
Travis
Tyler
Umbrella Press
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Underground Railroad
Underground Railroad: Special Resource Study/Management Concepts
United Methodist Church
United Methodist Church Women's Division
United States Department of the Interior
United States National Park Service
University of Chicago
University of Chicago Press
University of Missouri Press
University of Toronto
University of Toronto Press
University of Western Ontario
University of Windsor
Up from Slavery
Uprooting a Nation: The Study of 3 Million Evictions in South Africa
Utah
Vancouver British Columbia Canada
Vancouver Centre for the Study of Curriculum and Instruction
Vancouver Centre for the Study of Curriculum and Instruction Faculty of Education
Vantage Press
Velma Carter
Venture for Freedom
Vera Cudjoe
Victor Lauriston
Victor Ullman
Vincent
Vincent Harding
Virgin Islands
Virginia Governor
Virginia Kroll
Vivian Robbins
Vivienne Tallal Winterry
Vladimir Klima
Voices of the Past: A History of Melfort and District
Walker
Wallaceburg Ontario Canada
Walter Shapiro
Warren Chappell
Washington D.C.
Watertown
Watts
Webb
Website
Weekly Reader Books
Wendy Lee Barry
Western Producer
White
Wilhelmena S. Robinson
William E. Bigglestone
William H. Jackson
William King
William King Letters
William King: Friend and Champion of the Slaves
William Loren Katz
William Moyers
William N.T. Wylie
William Parker
William Roger WItherspoon
William Still
Wilson
Wilson A. Head
Windsor Ontario Canada
Windsorite Reunion Fellowship Banquet Honoree Presentation
Women of Our Times
Women of Vision: The Story of the Canadian Negro Women's Association 1951-1976
Wood-Hoopoe Willie
World's Great Men of Color 3000 BC to 1946 AD
Wright and Potter Printers
Wright-Armstead Associates
Yonkers
Zebbs
-
https://archives.deerfieldlibrary.org/files/original/f7ff4889022dab162da1c3c7f36ef23d.pdf
c5d285d3f189c1ad3a0e98ccd7485b4a
PDF Text
Text
496
Appendix
SVarlier’ °r SUbSCqUent data: Migration reports. These data also
suffer from imprecise definitions, for black immigration to Canada was remrlo
°ften m te™S °f arrivaIs £rom 1116 United States and via ocean
port^ These two categories are not genuinely helpful, for numerous AmeriMnn^°eS "ndoubtedly entered through the ports of Halifax, Saint John,
Montreal, and Vancouver, just as West Indians and Africans may have
rossed into Canada from the American border rather than entering by sea.
Other data do refer to West Indians as distinct from Negroes, the latter
word apparently being reserved for Americans; but in 1926 the ethnic
totals were dropped, as was the West Indian designation, temporarily. And
immigration reports could be contradictory: although the 1922 report
showed that no Negroes had entered Canada the previous year, this
was
corrected in the report of 1923.27
A comparison of census returns, birthrate ^
estimates, and immigration
reports for the period 1911 to 1951 shows that one body of data was in
? C°nfisiderable numbcr of Negroes “passed over” each decade
m o white classifications—not primarily through intermarriage, since the
intermarriage rate was low, but presumably through electing to consider
Aemselves white. This conclusion would also help to account for the
r" flT8h0Ut the Peri0d fr0m 0ntario
other provinces
( ept Nova Scotia), and for the movement out of Nova Scotia into
Negro communities^
*
^ * °ntari° and Nova Scotia *e
were
„ more reac% recognizable, and if one had made
the decision to “
step. By 1961
help to explain the sharp increase in the reported Negro population, for
“sen ISS 7
h3Ve Ch0Se“ t0 “paSS” “ay now h™5 oh°sen to
tinn i^ i ba faSe-In the previous decades a modestly advancing immigracrease
7 ^ ^ W£St Indies’ aIso contributed measurably to the inIf neither the estimates of interested observers
nor the reports of disinterested statisticians are to be accepted for this study one may yet conelude that the Negro, although never numerous, has on the whole been
more numerous than Canadians have thought. His influence in Canadian
Even
°f ?g dUration and’ at times> of marked importance.
Even more, one may demonstrate that the Canadian experience has been
fte SfeCCaCnad0r
wTfl“t the faction between the black,
, . fCad,’. and their shared environment has revealed much of
general interest and importance about Canadian ethnic and racial
attitudes.
(oLTm9U27yeZVf te Dertment °f ******** ond Colonization . . .
l sstrssasr’ -d '*
A Note on Sources
This book arises largely from manuscript materials. That is true of____
most
books by most historians, and usually the fact would not be worthy of
special comment. Negro, or Black, history manuscript materials present
unusual problems, however. Manuscripts left by Negroes are fewer in
number, more difficult to find, and less self-consciously revealing, than
manuscripts arising from more traditional sources. The reasons for this
comparative dearth are obvious enough, even though until recently few
historians seem to have remarked upon the ways in which an anti- or at
least non-Negro bias might be reflected in many aspects of North Ameri
can social history. In historiography, as in chess, the white is always the
first to move—or has been until recently.
As slaves, blacks often were illiterate; even when free, they were the
least likely of all newcomers to North America to leave behind a written
record. They had left no one in Africa to whom they would write of their
new experiences; they were not organized in the New World in ways con
ducive to communication on paper; and they often lacked the skills re
quired to prepare the historian’s cherished manuscript, to be produced in
time in some neatly catalogued archive. They also were highly itinerant,
and frequently not in control of their own movements, so that the little
they had by way of a historical record was swept aside, left behind, or
burned to keep a body warm during the winter. Furthermore, they were
not organized institutionally, so that until the mid-nineteenth century there
were very few religious groups, schools, mutual aid societies, fraternal or
ganizations, or other self-venerating institutions to preserve a collective
record. Accordingly, Negro records are few, scattered, and require much
time and effort to find, assess, and relate.
The assessment of those records that have survived poses another prob
lem. One need not recite here the many arguments about the special nature
of Black history, for a flood of monographs has appeared in recent years
to attest to the angry shoals upon which anyone who casts himself adrift
from traditional historiography may run aground. Obviously, much of the
documentation relating to the Negro in North America comes from sources
which are “white”; thus we often must view black activities and responses
—even Negro thought—through sources which, while contemporary, are
at one remove from our subject matter. To note that one must also view
497
�ancient Greek thought through modern eyes is not to vitiate the conclusion
that by its nature much white-authored history will be biased history. It
does not follow, however, that all white observers have got their sums
wrong. In any event, the historian works with what he has, and while
black observers are to be preferred in many instances, this is not invariably
so; and even were it so, surely it is not beyond the empathy of man to
compensate at least somewhat for the bias inherent in any observation
that moves across ethnic, cultural, or religious chasms. Two superb books
—David Brion Davis’s The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture (Ithaca,
N.Y., 1966), and Winthrop Jordan’s White Over Black (Chapel Hill,
N.C., 1969)—have been criticized by some scholars on the ground that
they are less about what the Negro did than about what the Negro had
visited upon him. If this is so, it does not challenge the validity of telling
the latter story, and I cannot hope, in this more modest effort, to escape
such criticisms.
In any event, this book says something about both subjects. I have
sought out black sources carefully, and feel that I have demonstrated that
vast quantities of material do exist, if not always in the customary places.
Such sources are not used in preference to white sources, as a substitute
or supplement to them, nor in token integration, but as parallel sources
of equal and different validity.
As drafts of this work were revised, the documentation was substantially
reduced. Anyone interested in additional references to a specific point in
the text may consult the author’s original notes or one of the earlier drafts
of the manuscript, now in the Schomburg Collection of the New York
Public Library. The documentation is relatively full as presented here,
however, and the following essay will deal with contemporary or original
source materials only. The footnotes will lead the reader to the more im
portant of the secondary works, as well as printed documents, which are
not discussed here.
Most of the books, pamphlets, and articles cited in the notes were con
sulted at the British Museum, the Library of Congress, the Public Archives
of Canada, or one of the Canadian provincial archives. All major collec
tions of Negro Americana (as the term once had it) known to me were
consulted. These include the five leading collections: the Schomburg, the
James Weldon Johnson in the Yale University Library, and the holdings
of Fisk, Hampton, and Howard universities. Lesser collections in the Bos
ton Athenaeum, the Brookline (Mass.), Chicago, and Providence public
libraries, the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, the Confederate Me
morial Library in Richmond, Tuskegee Institute, Lincoln University, and
the universities of Atlanta, California, and Vermont, were examined, as
were special collections of antislavery pamphlets at Cornell University and
!
Oberlin College. I also consulted over a hundred theses and dissertations.
Those drawn upon are cited in full in the footnotes. For a basic list, one
may consult Earle H. West, comp., A Bibliography of Doctoral Research
on the Negro, 1933-1966 ([Ann Arbor, Mich.], 1969).
The only partial bibliography on The Negro in Canada appeared as this
work neared completion. Subtitled A Select List of Primary and Secondary
Sources for the Study of Negro Community in Canada from the Earliest
Times to the Present Days, and prepared by Sushil Kumar Jain, it is avail
able from the University of Saskatchewan library (Regina, 1967). The
list is highly selective and uncritical. A Bibliography of Antislavery in
America, prepared by Dwight Lowell Dumond (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1961),
is the most important guide to antislavery literature and other printed
sources. It does not entirely replace two earlier, and excellent finding aids:
W. E. Burghardt DuBois, A Select Bibliography of the American Negro
(Atlanta, Ga., 1905), the only one of several such bibliographies con
sistently to include Canadian citations; and the references in Mary S. Locke,
Anti-Slavery in America, from the Introduction of African Slaves to the
Prohibition of the Slave Trade (1619-1808) (Boston, 1901). These and
other bibliographies include a number of highly general histories of slavery
which make passing reference to Canada—histories not cited in the pres
ent volume. (A representative example is Frank Hoyt Wood, Vrsprung
und Entwicklung der Sklaverei [Leipzig, Germ., 1900], which discusses
Canada on pages 7 to 16.) Anyone wishing to compile a definitive bibli
ography on Canadian Negroes must therefore consult the standard finding
aids as well as the raw notes to the present study, for not all relevant
secondary titles are incorporated in the printed footnotes of this book.
Official Papers
Official papers tend to survive, private papers tend not to. Most official
papers, at least until recently, will tell far more of the Negro as a person
acted upon rather than as actor. For these reasons, the papers of official
bodies—and especially of governments—were of relatively less use in this
study than in most books which attempt to examine some facet of the
Canadian-American relationship. Nonetheless, the official,, papers were
indispensable, especially for a record of the Black Pioneers, the migration
to Sierra Leone, the Maroons, and the Refugees.
The Public Archives of Canada, a uniquely well-run and organized
depository, contains many basic collections of importance. Among these
are the Canadian “G” series, consisting of dispatches and ancillary records
relating to the office of the governor-general. Of this record group’s
twenty-three numbered subseries, the most valuable were Gl, Despatches
from the Colonial Office, G12, Letter Books of Despatches to the Colonial
�500
A Note on Sources
Office, and G20, Civil Secretary’s Correspondence. The “C” series, British
Military Records, provided much information, especially on the War of
1812 and the rebellion of 1837. Particularly fruitful were Cl, C35, C801,
and Cl 049. The Minutes of the Executive Council, Upper Canada Land
Petitions, State Papers of Upper Canada, transcripts of Letters Patent,
transcripts of Treasury letters to the Naval and Military Departments for
1815-21, the raw censuses of Canada, the internal correspondence for
Quebec, and several miscellaneous volumes of petitions, also added pieces
to the mosaic. The Public Archives Record Centre, a storage depot for
the archives, contained the important General Headquarters Papers re
lating to World War I.
The Public Archives of Nova Scotia, in Halifax, provide equally im
portant data. Beginning with the voluminous Akins Collection (to which
belong most PANS volumes bearing a number in the footnotes), succes
sive archivists have drawn together an exceptional range of material.
Among the official papers are volumes of unpassed bills, the letter books
of the surveyor-general for 1784 to 1824, letters of the lieutenant governor
to the Colonial Office, accounts on the final settlement of the Jamaican
Maroons in Nova Scotia, a variety of petitions, deeds, and bills of sale, a
loose collection of land papers, a bound series of Crown Land Papers,
raw census returns, Council Minutes, the Minute Books of Proceedings
of the Port Roseway Associates, official documents on Old Township and
Loyalist settlements, French documents relating to Acadia, and a number
of miscellaneous volumes (on occasion with incorrect binder’s titles, as
when a volume labeled 1815-18 is found to contain a letter for 1836).
The line between official and unofficial papers is a thin one, of course,
and often impossible to draw. Several of the collections used in the New
Brunswick Museum in Saint John were of this kind. They include the or
der books of the York County Militia, the records of the Provincial Chas
seurs, extracts from King’s County wills, miscellaneous records of the
York County registry office, the record book of the Pennfield settlement,
and a variety of marriage and death certificates. A wide range of papers
pertaining to Crown lands in Ontario, together with the papers of the Edu
cation Department (often referred to as the Ryerson Papers) of Canada
West, are among the most valuable sources in the Ontario Provincial
Archives in Toronto. Deeds, petitions, location tickets, and the papers of
the Toronto City Council for the 1840s (supplemented by minutes of town
meetings held by the Toronto Public Library), also proved useful. The
History Branch of Ontario’s Department of Lands and Forests holds a
substantial number of survey records that were relevant. In Windsor, the
registry office provided lists of property holders, plans for lots, and lists of
burials which helped plot the patterns of black settlement in Essex County.
To the West, the Archives of Saskatchewan and those of British Co-
A Note on Sources
507
lumbia proved especially useful. At the former’s Saskatoon branch, a wide
range of homestead records have been microfilmed, while the Regina
branch hdds films of the provincial Department of Education’s district
files. The British Columbia archives, in Victoria, also hold many official
land records, as well as the correspondence of the Commissioner of Lands
and Works. The Land Titles Office, in Edmonton, Alberta, and the pro
vincial Department of Lands and Forests, also in Edmonton, provided
maps, tax records, and certificates of title.
official records were of great value, since the majority of
XT American
.
Canada arrived via the United States. The National Archives
in Washington holds such diverse collections as the papers of the Con
tinental Congress, the George Washington papers, the Interior Depart
ment’s records on the slave trade and Negro colonization, the Harper’s
Ferry Select Committee files, the records of the Labor and Transportation
Committee for Congested Production Areas (1943-45), the State De
partment’s Decimal Files for the first four decades of the present century,
and dispatches from twenty-one American consulates in Canada, as well as
from American consuls in Nassau, Bahamas; Kingston, Jamaica; and Aux
Cayes, Haiti.
The most important repositories of official and public papers proved to
be in Britain, however. The Public Record Office is an overburdened
ever-ncher storehouse for the colonial, imperial, or diplomatic historian’
and many of its volumes were central to this study. These include eighteen
CO series: 2, 23, 42, 44, 45, 60, 188, 217, 218, 219, 220, 267, 270,
296, 305, 398, 410, and 537; together with FO series 5, 35, 115, and
414. Each of these series may run to hundreds of volumes, as in C042
which consists of over 600 volumes, 131 of which proved to contain relevant
material. H045, confidential extradition prints, the Confidential Minute
Papers on The Gambia, Admiralty series 1, WO series 1 and 61 (the
latter the Jeffery Amherst Papers), the Chatham Papers, and the Head
quarters Papers of the British Army in America also were of use. The
Public Archives of Canada holds microfilms of the CO series, and PANS
holds copies of C0188 and 217-20, although for maximum effectiveness
one must still consult the originals. To these official documents should be
added Additional Manuscripts 15,485 in the British Museum, on exports
and imports of North America, 1768-69.
Private Papers
In the end, however, private papers proved to be of the greatest utility.
On subjects of race personal statements are likely to be franker, more
frequent, and ultimately more unconsciously revealing than the cautious
records of governments can be. If one includes among private papers those
�502
A Note on Sources
of unofficial corporate bodies, such as the Society for the Propagation of
the. Gospel, of the many antislavery societies in Britain, Canada, and the
United States, and of self-help societies, one inevitably will find a more
open, accurate, and fuller expression of opinion and reflection of events
than any official records might provide. Unfortunately, the number of col
lections consulted makes a full critical discussion here impractical.
In the United States, all paths lead to the Library of Congress. There
I drew upon single volumes of papers relating to Sir Guy Carleton and
Sir William Johnson; two boxes and sixteen volumes of materials (the
Edward Vernon and Charles Wager collection) on the slave trade prior
to 1773; Arthur Hamer’s manuscript bibliography on the trade, compiled
at Magdalen College in 1799; collections of papers relating to James Gillispie Birney, John Brown, Edward Everett, Augustus John Foster, Hugh
Gaine, Joshua Giddings, Marcus Gunn, Mrs. Basil Hall, Julia Ward
Howe, Samuel Gridley Howe, John Mitchell, Wendell Phillips, F. W.
Pickens and M. L. Bondam, James Redpath, Franklin B. Sanborn, Wil
liam H. Seward, John Sherman, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, B. F. Stevens,
Mary Church Terrell, Booker T. Washington, Theodore Dwight Weld’
Walter White, Elizur Wright, Frances Wright, the Western Anti-Slavery
Society for 1845-57, and the Edith Rossiter Bevan Autograph Col
lection. Most valuable of all was the Carter G. Woodson Collection of
Negro Papers, the minutes of the American Anti-Slavery Society, and
papers of Benjamin, Lewis, and Arthur Tappan. (Several of the letters
from Thomas Clarkson and John Scoble to the Tappans have been re
printed in Anne Heloise Abel and Frank J. Klingberg, eds., “The Tappan
Papers,” JNH, 7 [1927], 128-329, 389-554 and simultaneously in their
A Side Light on Anglo-American Relations, 1839-1858 [Washington].)
Boston is the chief center for research on abolitionism. In the Massa
chusetts Historical Society one may consult the papers of John A. Andrew,
John Brown, George Ellis, Edward Everett, Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Amos A. Lawrence, Edmund Quincy, and Amasa Walker-—all drawn
upon chiefly for unravelling the story of Josiah Henson—as well as the
Francis Parkman Papers. The Boston Public Library holds the papers of
William Lloyd Garrison, the original manuscript of Josiah Henson’s nar
rative as written by Samual A. Eliot, and Lydia Maria Child, Samuel May,
Jr., Amos A. Phelps, and Maria Weston Papers. Across the river in Cam
bridge, at Harvard’s Houghton Library, one may contest wills against the
awkwardly organized Charles Sumner Papers, which include correspon
dence with Clarkson, Eliot, Ellis, Scoble, and Walker, as well as George
Thompson and Hiram Wilson. The Ralph Waldo Emerson and William
H. Siebcrt Collections, the latter consisting of forty-five volumes of clip
pings and notes (three on Canada), and the Houghton theatre collection,
A Note on Sources
503
„W;* Srarv6 On^T P!?ybilIS’ add t0 1116 att^tions of this most ele-
ton.
. Garrison II collections in the Smith College Library in Northamp-
some Thomas: r,n°JeSS riCh' The NeW-York H^al Society provided
some Thomas Clarkson papers and an excellent copy of John Clarkson’s
John’Taylor' Thomas
Sharp’ Gerri‘ Smith! and
n Taylor, Thomas Nyes journal, a single Charles Stuart letter in the
ranaHS!nP !i °f ^eVerend Franc>s Hawks. a miscellaneous collection on
Canada and settlement, correspondence on the slave trade and da
(olhSeFreCd0rdSjc0nthe, S°Ciety f°r Pr°moting Manumission of Slaves’
i?hai w d
oD0UgaSS papers were consulted in the Douglass Me
jssi-sirs.rrr ris s°f™
f
Samuel Ringgold Ward). At Columbia Unive^y one S the oa^s
eorge Plimpton, of Sydney Howard Gay (in fifty badly sorted boxes)
e papers of the Toronto Emigration Office, the John Bartlet BreW ’
antes T. Shotwell and William J. Wilgus coileSo^alfwfth m«
14o tnianCe~a!1i osheu L' S' Alexander Gumby Collection of Negroiana
1910 untTl950 so
“ °ffPpingS on Mack activities collected from
n i
at50, S° orSamzed that one may readily find materials cm
Douglass Marcus Garvey, Jackie Robinson, and riteTsSSfThe
H^ York Geographical Society library has manuscript maps which denote
black settlements m the Maritime Provinces, and playbills and program s
for Tom Shows are in the New York Library for the Perfor2g 1“
sity Ltory whe0reeam0VeS
m°St
t0 the 5y»«w Univera slDgular Private collection was mined. The Gerrit
Brown Jr rIafPherS T"1 volumin°aa correspondence to Smith from John
Brown, Jr Anthony Burns, Thomas Clarkson, James C. Fuller Thomas
Henning, Benjamin Lundy, Samuel J. May, Jr., Joshua R. Giddings Isaac
and^T-p” J°1^.IScoble> JosePh Sturge, George Thompson, Samuel Ward
and Hiram Wilson, as well as subject matter volumes, as for exampie on
J• WrLo!re,HNrbc
1116 SyraCUSe HiSt0riCal Society holds a Me on
gun and the Syracuse Public Library has a useful collection
f genealogical materials. In Rochester, the university preserves the large
�504
A Note on Sources
the Samud D' Porter hoIdin2s on
facts snmf^ ° ^aiIroad- 111 Auburn one may examine a variety of artiCornell n Ca ‘aD’ m the Harriet Tubman Memorial Home- and at
A Note on Sources
505
van
SteinValshdenrCovedCti<?n’
aDd
P3pCrS °£ Ulrich B- P™PS and Gertrude
Society hold's th^e^t£££& w££*££S™
IthrTa\?e C°,le®e ^ aa extensive“rno^
The S^te Hi t S?c J' May antislavery pamphlet file proved of use.
other of AmSl7^ °f Pennsylvania> in Philadelphia, is yet anlectL vi^/
superlative state archives. Here the Simon Grate Coljournal of ffif Spe;eral,mtoest“S items- William Still’s letter book, and the
were
Society Underground Railroad,
John nrr,^F
^he.mmutes
the Pennsylvania Abolition Society
Robert VauxPJames bSi^^A^ S°me Redpath materia1^’ and th®
British Navtdiw®
’ Amencan NeSro History Society, and
-£<£?.£=.izzszxr** N'“by s"nh-
the o™!l6fi0DS ^ m°re WideIy di^ibuted and I researched th
em as
Clements t -u V aros\ usually while on other business. The William L
STof J
UniV£rSity °f Michigan houses the large coUec-'
Sarah orfr ^' ^ The°d°re DwiSht Weld, and Angelina and
ed tfd hv n Abr°ut one-third of the most important manuscripts
were
Birney, 1837-1857 (2 vds^N111
^
°f Iames GilUsPie
Wilson, and Hemy Eftb a e includli p' SC0We’ StUart* StUrge> Walker,
55 “ “
brary has several diaries of Elihu Burri t hft make
7 ^^
materials of Harriet Beecher Stowe—in some sixt^lihrL^ ^ ^ f® h®
GrMe'y Swe^nrighf 1°£ “
the Kansas State Historical Soctefv Thk
f
Eastman PaPers), and
||S£~SHSlsi
.»£^"o=r„ “o£ s*ja,tsron M“- °*™*
ss jS2s t";:*
v^oV^S£mS^aVery-A^iti0n —p“ KreS Z
,"d
m
“st “ ■=* Acrrsss: ssr
-d
and I used a microfilm of the Wickett-WiswaU Collection of EhiahTo633’
joy Papers at Texas Technological College. The Office of the Chief Jr"
Washillgton’ DC> made available within its Historical
Highway
3 V3nety °f manuscriPt ffles <® the building of the Alaskan
treasUrer’s Ietters> and ‘he
r°WS ^ °D the early fugitive slave settle-
Papers in Canada were also dispersed across the continent.
Again, the
most valuable collections were in the Public Archives of Canada
There
one
ss
X^rer::
HeJ holies
ments in Canada West. P ’
At Yale, the James Weldon Johnson
are
Collection, in the Beinecke Li-
orSJSSI,
zz%v ,ue“re ;r "d i”'-1«»=«««*
8
0DSWUt,0n of Vancouver Island’s Confederate League. The Carl
Galt i «”?S“ Afc"n,I“™
officials. The Louis-Hippolyte
Lafontaine Papers were of great use on
the French period, as were the
�si note on sources
extensive transcriptions from the Archives de la Marine (Serie B) and
Archives des colonies (Serie B, C, E, F) in Paris, the general correspon
dence of Intendant Giles Hocquart, Fonds Frangais from the Bibliotheque
Nationale, and a variety of transcripts from the Archives Nationale. The
papers of James Murray, a number of Carleton transcripts, the Ward
Chipman, William King and William Dummer Powell papers, the diary of
Alexander McNeilledge, the Reynolds Family papers, plans of the Elgin
settlement with contemporary maps, and the journal of Mgr. J. O. Plessis
were of substantial use. The PAC also holds microfilms of the annual re
ports, occasional papers, and minute books of the Colonial and Continen
tal Church Society, the originals of which are at McGill University, at the
Methodist Missionary Society chambers in London, and in the British
Museum With the exception of the last, it was the microfilm I used. George
Julien s ‘ Coon” of Laurier is in the National Gallery of Art, also in Ot
tawa.
In Toronto, the Ontario Provincial Archives provided the papers of Wil
liam Canniff, J. George Hodgins, Mrs. Edmund George O’Brien, James R
Roaf, the Robinson and Russell families, John Graves Simcoe, Thomas
Smith, D. E. Stevenson, Bishop John Strachan, and a typescript by John
M. Elson. The University of Toronto added the John Carleton papers;
while the Toronto Public Library, always pleasant and efficient, drew from
its midden the diary of Elizabeth Russell, the papers of Peter Russell,
Robert Baldwin, William Jarvis, and David William Smith, the HubbardAbbott Collection, the manuscript autobiography of Thomas H. Scott,
Mrs. Amelia Harris’s scrapbooks, and a variety of broadsides, playbills'
prospecti, and clippings. All save the Smith papers proved of immense
value. The pamphlet and newspaper holdings of the Victoria University
(Toronto) Archives were of great use. A Bengough sketch satirizing
blacks hangs m the William Lyon Mackenzie House.
Elsewhere in Ontario, the obvious centers of research were Windsor,
London, and Hamilton. The first provides, in its public library, files on the
AME and BME churches, on black activities in the area, and on Amherstburg’s churches and schools. Several private individuals made available to
me family letters, genealogical charts, marginally annotated books, and
maps while the Hiram Walker Historical Museum also possesses maps
miscellaneous Negro papers, and lists of black settlers. Nearby, in the Amerstburg Public Library, the tiny Boyle Collection attested to the presence
of the early missionaries, while the museum of the Fort Malden National
Historical Park offered the account book of David McLaren Kemp, an
undertaker who was racially conscious, the F. C. B. Fall and Farney papers,
assessment rolls, Amherstburg deeds, and miscellaneous fugitive slave
and genealogy files.
507
The second city, London, provides unpublished local histories in both
S6 -!b lCJuar!! and at
University of Western Ontario, while the
Hamfiton Public Library holds a number of Negro-related scrapbooks and
G. C. Porter s manuscript history of the area. McMaster University, in
Hamilton, houses the Canadian Baptist Historical Association collection.
This includes James W. Johanson’s manuscript history of the Amherst
burg Association, 1841-61, the minute book of the Sandwich Baptist
Church, and the minutes of the Western Regular Baptist Association.
Local libraries in Ontario, the province to which the majority of fugitive
slaves fled, cannot be ignored. The Barrie and Orillia public libraries the
Suncoe County Surrogate Court Office (in Barrie), the Norfolk, Lennox
and Addington, and Oxford historical societies, as well as those of Lundy’s
Lane and Thunder Bay (the latter in Port Arthur), and the ChathamKent Museum in Chatham, all hold relevant manuscripts. The last also has
books from William King’s library; and Uncle Tom’s Cabin Museum
near Dresden, displays playbills and artifacts relating to Henson. The of
fice of the Board of Education in Chatham, in the minutes of the Board
of Public School Trustees, and the Grant African Methodist Episcopal
Church in London, through its church records, helped fill in lacunae in
the local story.
The Maritime archives were of slightly less importance. The Public
Archives of Nova Scotia holds individual files on several early settlers
transcripts from the Carleton papers, the diaries of Simeon Perkins (now
available in carefully edited form), a copy of the first volume of John
Clarkson’s diary, an Etter family genealogy, several Ward Chipman papers
and typescript local histories. Unfortunately, the papers of William s’
Fielding remain closed to researchers. Also in Halifax, the public library
m its local history collection, and the provincial library, in its newspaper
holdings, proved of great help. The Cambridge Maritime Military Library
has compiled a file on William Hall, V.C. The libraries of Saint Francis
Xavier University in Antigomsh and Acadia University in Wolfville the
last incorporating the Maritime Baptist Historical Collection, also yielded
scarce pamphlets and journals; and the Colchester Registry Office in
Truro has a relevant registry book. The office of the Halifax ChronicleHerald holds clippings on the singer, Portia White. I am particularly grate
ful to Marjory Whitelaw of Pictou, who loaned me seven reels of taped
reminiscences of, and conversations with, Negroes living in Nova Scotia
in the 1960s.
In New Brunswick, the provincial museum in Saint John provided
papers and files on the Eastman, Hazen, Mayes, Odell, Thompson, and
etsel famihes, and some surviving Chipman papers, together with
numerous scrapbooks. In Fredericton, the University of New Brunswick,
�508
A Note on Sources
the legislative library, and the Rectory office of Christ’s Church, hold local
registers, wills, and minutes. The Saint John Public library has several files
on local Negro activities. The Woodstock Public Library has a small col
lection of petitions. The Charlottetown, P.E.I., Public Library offered
typescript local histories which attest to early Negro arrivals.
In Quebec, Negro-related private materials were less frequent than one
would expect. The Chateau de Ramezay, in Montreal, has a manuscript
record on slavery in New France, while the Archives du Palais de Justice
attest to sales, births, marriages, baptisms, deaths, and burials. The Mc
Cord Museum of McGill University, in the Porteous Manuscripts, and the
McGill University Library in its local history materials, were of some
value. The provincial archives in Quebec hold the manuscript second vol
ume to Marcel Trudel’s study, wills and other actuarial records, and tran
scripts of the Ordres du Roi. The Brome County Historical Society in
Knowlton offers local manuscripts and files. The single most valuable col
lection in the province, however, is one not generally open to the public:
the records of the Canadian Labour Congress’s Joint Advisory Commit
tee on Human Relations, originally kept at the Workman’s Circle Center
in Montreal. Extensive and highly revealing, these records tell of annual
trips into the Maritime Provinces, as well as within Quebec, to note and
combat instances of overt discrimination. These, together with folders on
discrimination in the Toronto office of the Human Rights Commission,
provided the single greatest non-newspaper source of data on the 1950s
and early 1960s. The collection includes mimeographed reports on activities, normally issued eleven times a year, files of local union news
papers, newsletters of municipal employee groups, and carbons of correspondence with representatives in the field. In the end, relatively little
of this material was incorporated into the present study since the decision
was made to limit it largely to the years before 1960.
Across western Canada private collections helped tell the story of Negro
settlement, although interviews proved to be the most valuable source for
the prairie and mountain provinces since most settlement was within
the memory of living men. The Archives of British Columbia hold the
reminiscences of John Sebastian Helmcken, the diaries and account books
of Wellington D. Moses, the diary, correspondence, and record books of
Edward Cridge, the diaries of Reverend Ebenezer Robson and of Augus
tus F. Pemberton, the South Saanich Public School Visitor’s Journal, tran
scripts relating to the Colonial Missionary Society, several questionnaires
directed to early pioneers, and letters written by J. S. Matthews concerning early black settlers. The Vancouver City Archives, in the Vancouver
Public Library, has other Matthews correspondence and local clipping
files, and Victoria’s City Hall gave me documents signed by Mifflin Wistar
A Note on Sources
509
Gibbs, which I will deposit with the Yale University Library. L_.
The
University of British Columbia and Victoria University, in Victoria, hold
scarce pamphlets. The Central Saanich Baptist Church records, in that
church, attest to other Negro settlers, while the Nanaimo Archives has a
smgle document on
Stark family. Interviews on Saltspring Island,
as well as in Vancouver, proved of great importance.
On the prairies, private papers were less useful. The Glenbow Foundation Archives, in Calgary, holds typescripts and taped interviews with
Nettie Ware and seven other black settlers, related papers, and letters on
the settlements. The Edmonton Public Library has a clipping file on the
Ware family, and the Rutherford Library at the University of Alberta, in
Edmonton, has several manuscript local histories. So, too, does the
Saskatchewan Legislative Library, the University of Saskatchewan, and
the North Battleford and Moose Jaw public libraries. Again, interviews
in Amber Valley, Breton, Wildwood, Lloydminster, and Calgary, Alberta
and in Maidstone and Battleford, Saskatchewan, proved of greater value.
In Great Britain records are voluminous, cherished, yet nonetheless not
so well cared for as in North America. Most collections in the British
Museum take on a semiofficial character, as with the Bright, Clarkson,
Chatham, Cobden, Haldimand, Layard, Liverpool, Peel, and Sturge
papers. The BM reading room is unparalleled, of course, for yielding up
rare pamphlets, such as the annual reports of the Sierra Leone Company
or the Elgin Association; odd copies of the Nova Scotia Packet for 1786,
almanacks, and other printed primary sources. The Archives of the Hud
son’s Bay Company, at London’s Beaver House, provided many references
to Negroes in the fur trade. Somerset House on the Strand, through its
wills; the College of Arms, in its modest Joseph Brant file; the West India
Committee Library, in the minutes of that body for the nineteenth century;
the visitor’s register in the Lambeth Palace Library; and the Estlin Papers
in Dr. Williams Library—all in London, also proved helpful. University
College, London, houses the papers of Lord Brougham, which fortunately
include a full, annotated index to that collection’s fifty thousand letters.
Of particular value for this study were the various archives and libraries
of the London-based missionary societies. The Society for the Propagation
of the Gospel was exceptionally important. It holds the account and
minute books of the Associates of Dr. Bray, the Canadian Papers of that
group, abstracts of proceedings, the journals and reports of the SPG, and
special West African and Nova Scotian files, together with the Houseal cor
respondence and many pamphlets. The original SPG letters from Nova
Scotia are contained in a file box labeled “Dr. Bray’s Associates, Canadian
Papers.” While most of this material is now on microfilm at the PAC, the
film is unusually difficult to use, and one is well advised to consult the
�510
A Note on Sources
originals if at all possible. The Muniment Room of the Methodist Mis
sionary Society holds twenty boxes of letters from the Canadian colonies
to London, of which six were pertinent. (All are on microfilm in the United
Church of Canada Archives at Victoria University, Toronto.) The Society
for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge preserves annual reports and
lists of votes for grants of money; the Church Missionary Society held
relevant journals; and Friends’ House contains letters to and from Phila
delphia that proved relevant, as well as the journals of John Candler and
his wife.
The other great classification of records in Britain upon which I drew
were those of antislavery groups. By far the most important is the large
antislavery collection at Rhodes House, Oxford. This consists of most of
the papers of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (and the AntiSlavery and Aborigines Protection Society), which are systematically
transferred from the latter body’s headquarters at Denison House, in Lon
don, to Rhodes House, every ten years. (The Society retains a small re
search library, the Thomas Binns Collection of pamphlets, some reports
of the Sierra Leone Company, and a modern file on Sierra Leone for the
period of independence.) Rhodes House holds the early minute books,
memorials and petitions, correspondence, and files of the printed Annual
Reports and of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Reporter, from 1840.
These papers were acquired in 1951. To them have been added manuscripts on the South African Labour Corps of World War I, which grew
from an offshoot of the Society—the Committee for the Welfare of Afri
cans in Europe—and manuscripts relating to Indians in Canada. The antislavery papers have been edited and microfilmed, with an introduction by
Howard R. Temperley, the author of a forthcoming study on the AngloAmerican antislavery connection which I have read in manuscript.
Elsewhere in the United Kingdom one finds a variety of lesser collec
tions. The Earl Fitzwilliam Papers, in the Sheffield Central Library
Archives, and other Fitzwilliam Papers in the Northamptonshire Record
Office at Delapre Abbey, were relevant to the story of Sir John Went
worth. The Southampton Civic Record Office has made available the papers
of George S. Smyth. Wilberforce House, at Kingston upon Hull, the Ips
wich Central Library, and the East Suffolk and Ipswich Record Office in
Ipswich hold papers of the ubiquitous Thomas Clarkson. Other Clarkson
letters are in the hands of Thomas Hodgkin, of Oxford, who was kind
enough to grant me access to them at his home in Umington; and in the
Granville Sharp papers, at Hardwicke Court, Gloucester, which LieutenantColonel A. Lloyd-Baker, their owner, made available. The John Rylands
Library in Manchester has some George Thompson materials and the
Crawford Muniments, containing letters written by Earl Balcarres. The
Royal Archivist at Windsor Castle consulted the appointments book of
A Note on Sources
511
Queen Victoria for me, while the Greenwich Naval Library microfilmed
the log of the Sandown, which touches upon the Asia. The National
Library of Scotland, in Edinburgh, has the Edward Ellice Papers, while
the papers of the Earl of Dalhousie, in the Scottish Record Office, contain
correspondence with Bathurst for the Refugee period. The County Archives
of the East Riding of Yorkshire, in Beverley, holds one such letter. There
are Simcoe Papers in the National Library of Wales in Aberystwyth and in
the Devon Record Office, Exeter. A petition from Hitchin, Herts., relating
to the fugitive slaves in Canada, listed by Charles O. Paullin and Frederic
L. Paxson in their 1914 Guide to the Manuscripts in London Archives for
the History of the United States since 1783 (Washington), as being in the
House of Lords Papers, could not be traced.
Some records that one would like to consult are apparently gone for
ever. We know that the papers of Reverend Daniel Cock, as well as most
of those of Benjamin Lundy, were destroyed by fire. None of the original
records of the Anti-Slavery Society of Canada have been preserved out
side the George Brown papers. The papers of Sam Hughes appear not to
have survived in any quantity. Materials relating to T. B. Macaulay are
said to exist in a garage in suburban Montreal although efforts to gain
access to them failed. While the widows of both Marcus Garvey and Rich
ard Wright sent me various printed materials, they were unable to make
available any manuscript collections. No references to the Fort Erie meet
ing survive in the papers of W. E. B. DuBois, now in the hands of Herbert
Aptheker, who kindly searched them for me. One could also wish
that registers of marriage had been kept in Ontario prior to 1867, but they
were not, and thus only Anglican and Roman Catholic interracial marriages could be documented for Canada West.
Archives in other lands proved of marginal utility. In Bermuda, the
Bahamas, and Jamaica, local archives, public libraries, and churches
yielded records relating to the period when Canadian-West Indian Union
was under desultory discussion. This documentation is cited in my recent
short monograph, subtitled A Forty-Year Minuet (London, 1968). The
Jamaican Institute, the public library of Montego Bay, and the University
of the West Indies hold rare printed materials on the Maroon Wars. The
Sierra Leone Archives, in Freetown, contain John Clarkson’s draft diary,
while the library of the University of Sierra Leone has the diaries of
George Ross. In Freetown I interviewed some members of the Sierra
Leone Settlers’ Descendents League. In Bathurst, The Gambia, I passed
an exciting week in anticipation while working through the archives—then
totally unorganized and strewn about a small shed—to find only two docu
ments relating to the Nova Scotians, duplicated elsewhere. By chance, the
diary of Thomas Haweis, in the Mitchell Library, Sydney, Australia, while
being searched for another purpose, helped to confirm one aspect of the
�J14
A Note on Sources
Nova Scotian migration. In Paris, visits to the Bibliotheque Nationale, the
Archives Nationale, and related archives confirmed that the transcripts
(many handwritten) in the PAC and in Quebec were full and accurate
Finally, one must note other papers which remain in private hands but
which nonetheless were made available to me, in addition to those men
tioned above. Fred Landon’s private collection, to which that devoted
scholar gave all interested historians ready access, proved to be of great
value, especially on the 1840s and 1850s. Consulted in Professor Landon s home in London, Ontario, these materials have been transfered si
nee
his death in 1969 to the University of Western Ontario. Of only slightly
less value were the records kept in the Cornwallis Street Baptist Church
in Halifax. These include the reports of the African Association of Nova
Scotia, and also of the Nova Scotia Association for the Advancement
of Colored People together with extensive church records. Other churches
in British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario, and Nova Scotia also opened up
their records. The documents of the Negro Community Centre in Monfreal, made selectively available by Stanley Cylke, and those of the
Canadian Labour Congress, discussed above, were particularly useful So
too was the private collection of Mr. Alvin McCurdy of Amherstburg who
has drawn together many local records on the Negro community along the
Detroit River. At the Harvard School of Public Health I was given unrestneted access to the original research transcripts of the “Stirling County”
project, which includes raw data on Negro residents in Digby County, Nova
acoua.
1 advertized for individuals to come forward with materials, and a number did so In this way files, letters, and clippings were made available on
Matthew Henson, by Herbert M. Frisby of Baltimore; on John Ware bv
ettie Ware of Kirkaldy, Alberta; on Henry Yandusen, an early black
settler, by Glen Ladd of Dresden; on J. B. Harkin, by Miss Dora Barber
of Ottawa; on Negro Freemasonry in Canada, by Reginald V. Harris of
Halifax; and on the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and the British
Columbia Association for the Advancement of Colored People, by Frank
Collms of Burnaby. Mrs. Keith Staebler loaned her notes on New Road
and her letters to her husband, written at the time; the Reverend William P.
G l!f’ f1S,h°P W- L WaUs> and Reverends Charles Este and Winston
• H. Clarke, as well as Messrs. Stanley G. Grizzle and Daniel G Hill all
made personal items available. Cecil Flarmsworth King kindly permitted’the
author to examine his copy of John Clarkson’s diary in his office at the
London Daily Mirror. (This diary has since gone to the University of
Illinois.) Many others wrote letters of reminiscence, provided references
sent clippings from local newsapers, and simply offered encouragement in
response to my appeals printed in a variety of j'ournals.
A Note on Sources
513
Printed Materials
been indiciateddabovpOIAeS vT
^ scarce Published materials have
. f
. . e' A Wlde vanety
printed sources, especially annual
reports of societies and government agencies, is cited in the notel These
18971 fr?i> It6 leSU!‘ Relations and AUied Documents (Cleveland
211; ed:ted^y Reuben Gold Thwaites> through the annual reports of
die Education Department of Nova Scotia. Wherever possible the originals
bv Pauff rnatenals have been consulted, as with the Relation of 1632,
d n ‘1 Je.une; Whl^h ,s ln the John Carter Brown Library in Provi°f parUcular value were the annual reports of the Canadian League
n7th \r v"CeTn
C° °red People’ of the United Baptist Convention
bers 3
T
°£ ““ Elgin Associatio11 (°f which only numbers 3, 4, 6-7, and 10-11 appear to have survived,
although number 2 is
quoted in the Voice of the Fugitive for November 5, 1851, and number 5
m Bcnjamms Drews work), and of the British Columbia Association for
the Advancement of Colored People. Some reports that one expected to
p °f value—those of the Upper Canada Committee of the Society for the
Propaga ion of the Gospel m Foreign Parts, for example—proved of little
use whde others that one ordinarily would pass over (the Proceedings of
the Semi-Annual and Annual Session of the Grand Lodge of A.F and A
A widT °
fT ' - ' } W6re f0Und t0 conta“ Negro-related records.
A wide range of almanacs, maps, novels, artifacts (as with Negro berry bas
kets preserved in the Citadel Museum in Halifax), and “association items”
!nn-'cTCr^ , ,° be!onging to John Scoble> or l°^s of Thomas Clarkson s hair) helped to demonstrate a relationship, an activity, or an attitude.
Other contemporary materials are less difficult to find. The British
Canadian, and provincial Hansard’s, for example, provide most of the
evidence on the legislative record. The published accounts by fugitive
Josiah FT
^ 7w7 WeUS Br°Wn’ Uwis Clarke- Frederick Douglass,
osiah Henson, J. W. Loguen, Austm Steward, or Samuel Ringgold Ward
ell WC°ntem^r7 cW°rks of Beniamin Drew, Levi Coffin, Samuel
Tosenhy<S°We’ 7?“ { E' Lmt0n’ Harriet Beecher Stowe, Charles Stuart,
Joseph Stage, and others, are all central to this study. The value of most
of these is mdicated at the appropriate places in the
notes.
Newspapers
and
Magazines
While newspapers are a particularly valuable source for the historian
they also present special problems. Full files of any except the major met
ropolitan papers are not likely to have survived and if one wishes to con
sult an entire run of a single newspaper, issues often must be pieced
•
�?
514
A Note on Sources
together from a variety of locations. Viewed as a source of data, a single
issue of a single paper has its values; viewed, as in this study, as a source
of public opinion, and as a molder of that opinion as well, longer and co
herent runs of a paper are essential. Before accepting a news item, the
historian must do what he can to verify its version against other types of
sources or, failing such sources, against another newspaper. The re
searcher must know of the newspaper’s ownership, the politics of its man
agement and of its editors, the extent to which it may be dependent upon
advertising revenue for survival, and the nature of its readership. Ob
viously, news concerning Negro activities that appears in a Negro news
paper differs from news that appears in an anti-Negro paper. Equally
obviously, the estimate given to the size of an abolitionist meeting by the
antislavery Toronto Globe is to be set off against an estimate provided by
the anti-abolitionist Toronto Leader, although not necessarily equally. The
editorial opinions of Toronto’s Christian Guardian will spring from differ
ent sources than the opinions expressed by a secular press. And one must
view distinctions within their time, for most nineteenth-century newspapers
in North America, even if overtly secular, employed biblical and racial
rhetoric on their editorial pages.
Apart from the problem of interpretation there is, when dealing with
the press of the last century and a half, the added problem of quantity.
The nineteenth century was a time of thriving local newspapers, and for
a full understanding of what Canadians read about black men (or about
events which would have given rise to thoughts about black men, as re
porting on the Civil War and Reconstruction in the United States did),
one might reasonably be expected to examine many dozens of titles. In
the twentieth century, with the growth of massive Sunday newspapers, of
supplements, and of advertising, the researcher must contend with a bulk
beyond the capacity of any one person. Yet these newspapers demand
examination, for on their editorial pages, in their news items, among the
social notes, through those letters to the editor which they chose to print,
and even in the products they advertized, one may find frequent suggestions
of racial awareness. A full content analysis of the Canadian press on this
subject would be a lengthy study in itself (and very possibly not worth
while).
Accordingly, I narrowed the range of research in two ways. Leaving
myself thirty-two newspapers which I examined personally and—to the
extent that complete files were available—on an issue-by-issue basis, I
chose forty-five other newspapers, largely weeklies, which both I and
bursary assistants examined on the basis of specific known events, or in
the light of a bulking of Negro-related news items in the initial twentythree papers. These thus came to comprise a “control” group. Further,
since it quickly became apparent that no single researcher could keep
A Note on Sources
515
abreast of press opinion and news items in the decade of the 1960s (dur
ing which time this investigation was made) while carrying out other re
search as well, I sought professional help. From 1960 to 1968 the
Canadian Press Clipping Service of Toronto supplied weekly sets of material drawn from the entire spectrum of the Canadian press, including
all items referring to Negroes—whether in the United States or Canada—
and to discrimination, against whatever group. The specific newspapers
drawn upon, 210 titles in all, are indicated seriatim in the footnotes. A
full list would be superfluous here, as well as unduly cumbersome,
especially since masthead titles often changed two or three times. These
clippings have also been given to the Schomburg Collection.
Certain newspapers were of particular help. Fortunately, many are now
available on microfilm from the Canadian Library Association; and the
Public Archives of Canada, which has runs of all those on film, will loan
its microfilm holdings. The Ontario Public Archives provides many others.
In this way one could examine, for example, the Amherstburg Echo for
1888-1949, the Charlottetown Islander for 1853-65, the Chatham
Journal for 1841-44, the Chatham Planet for 1850-58, The Christian
Guardian for 1837-39, the Fredericton New Brunswick Royal Gazette for
1786-1816, the Halifax Acadian Recorder for 1813-1919, the Halifax
Herald for 1897-1938, the Halifax Journal for 1796-1817, the Halifax
Morning Chronicle for 1884-1969, the Halifax Novascotian for 1841-47,
the Halifax Royal Gazette for 1752-1824, the Hamilton Spectator for
1916-47, the London Free Press for 1859-1969, the Montreal Gazette
for 1840-1969, the Montreal Witness for 1846-54, the Quebec Gazette
for 1768-94, the Saint John Globe for 1847-1912, the Saint John New
Brunswick Courier for 1849-52, the Saint John Royal Gazette for 17841800, the Toronto Globe for 1850-1969 (in later years the Globe &
Mail), the Toronto Financial Post for 1942-69, the Toronto Mail and
Empire for 1911-28, the Toronto Star for 1930-65, the Toronto Tele
gram for 1924-69, the Vancouver Province for 1935-69, the Victoria
Colonist for 1859-1969, the Victoria Daily Evening Express for 1863-65,
and the York Upper Canada Gazette for 1793-1838. The Maidstone Mirror
for 1943-53 is on microfilm in the Saskatchewan archives. Joseph Howe’s
personal copies of The Nova Scotia Chronicle and Weekly Advertiser,
together with the Nova Scotia Gazette and Weekly Chronicle, both from
Halifax, are in the PANS. For background on many of these papers at mid
nineteenth century, see Helen Elliot, comp., Fate, Hope and Editorials:
Contemporary Accounts and Opinions in the Newspapers, 1862-1873,
Microfilmed by the CLA/ACB Microfilm Project (Ottawa, 1967).
Another approach was to examine, in so far as possible, all of the press
of a single key community. For this purpose Windsor was chosen, and
extant files of the Windsor Herald, Daily Star, and Daily Record, were
�516
A Note on Sources
consulted. For Halifax, in addition to the papers cited above, the Nova
Scotia Packet, Weekly Chronicle, Mail-Star, Herald, and Evening Mail
were used.
Particularly important, of course, were the abolitionist newspapers. In
Canada these were the Voice of the Fugitive, published in Windsor from
1851 to 1852 (with a file in the Burton Historical Collection of the Detroit
Public Library); The Provincial Freeman, from Chatham, 1853-ca. 1857
(the originals of which are in the University of Pennsylvania Library), the
short-lived Voice of the Bondsman, from Stratford (with a single 1856
copy surviving in the library of the University of Western Ontario), and
The True Royalist, of Hamilton (of which two copies may be found in
the Fort Malden Museum). In the United States there were far more such
newspapers, and they have survived longer. Those that were searched (al
though there is much duplicated content among them) were the National
Anti-Slavery Standard from New York, 1840-70 (New York Public Li
brary), The Friend of Man, 1836-38 (on film), Garrison’s Boston-based
Liberator, 1831-65, The Oberlin Evangelist for 1848-53 only, The AntiSlavery Record, New York, 1835-37, Anti-Slavery Examiner, New York,
1836-45, American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Reporter, New York,
1840-46, Anti-Slavery Lecturer, from Utica, N.Y., 1839, The Emanci
pator, New York, 1834—49, and the National Anti-Slavery Bazaar, Boston,
1845-50 (all at Yale); The Genius of Universal Emancipation, Benjamin
Lundy’s parapetetic newspaper, 1821—39 (The Johns Hopkins University
Library); and Frederick Douglass’ Paper, for 1853, and the Salem, Ohio,
Anti-Slavery Bugle, 1845-60 (both LC). Also consulted was the New
York Herald for 1854—71, which is not cited in the footnotes since it was
drawn upon heavily in a previous book by the author, and since most of
its news items on Negro activities in Canada were reprinted from other
sources. Of the greatest value was the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery
Reporter to which ‘and Aborigines Friend' was later added, published in
London 1840-1966 (Yale University Library, 1840-57, 1859-67, and
1857—59 on microfilm).
American and Canadian Negro newspapers were a chief source of in
formation and opinion. All Canadian Negro newspapers and magazines,
as discussed in Chapter 13, were researched on an issue-for-issue basis.
Locations of files are discussed in the notes to that chapter. Of some sixtythree American Negro newspapers available on microfilm by 1968,
eighteen were used. Those that proved to be helpful were the St. Paul
Appeal and St. Paul Broad Axe (not to be confused with the Chicago Broad
Ax, which was also consulted), The Elevator, from San Francisco, in which
Mifflin Wistar Gibb’s articles appeared, New York’s Amsterdam News, the
Pittsburg Courier, the Detroit Plaindealer, and the Cleveland Gazette.
A Note on Sources
517
Several newspapers were used at the office of the papers themselves, on
occasion with the aid of an informal index compiled locally for in-house
purposes. That this method of approach was useful may be shown by the
Saint John Telegraph. Two important items relating to the Refugee
Negroes of the 1820s, drawn from reminiscences of early settlers in Nova
Scotia, appeared in issues in 1875 and 1884. The New Freeman, a Roman
Catholic newspaper, also of Saint John, and read in that paper’s library,
first revealed in its issues for 1903 the controversy with Neith magazine’
as related in Chapter 13. The Toronto Star's clipping file proved of great
use as well. Regrettably, two files of newspapers that might well have en
riched the story told here were not found: The Truro News, of which only
a post-1949 run survives in that paper’s office, following upon a fire in
that year; and the Dresden Times, published weekly from 1872 into the
1890s.
Magazines, like newspapers, are organs of opinion. The number of
articles on Negro-related subjects, as well as their content, is one index
to the degree of interest in the “Negro problem.” Articles on race relations
in the United States, appearing in contemporary Canadian periodicals__
Atlantic Advocate, Commentary, Canadian Forum, Canada Week,
Maclean's, Saturday Night—reveal much about the use of the Negro as a
metaphor in the relations between the two countries. Articles in welfareoriented journals, such as Canadian Labour Reports, the Journals of Edu
cation for both Ontario and Nova Scotia, Canadian Welfare, L'Action
nationale, The Labour Gazette, The Journal of the Y.M.C.A., The Angli
can, or The United Church Record and Missionary Review, increasingly
contain Negro-related materials. American journals, especially in the nine
teenth century, had occasion to report on the progress of the fugitives in
Canada and, later, on race relations in the Dominion. Thus, Atlantic
Monthly, The Chautauquan, The Literary Digest, The Living Age, the New
York Times Magazine, The North American Review, Outlook, Scribner's
and The Southern Workman, all contain relevant matter. So, too, do reli
gious periodicals in both countries: Acadia Bulletin, American Missionary,
The [Canadian] Baptist Magazine and Missionary Register, Canadian
Christian, Canadian Evangelist, Freewill Baptist Quarterly, Gospel Tribune
and Christian Communionist, The Maritime Baptist, The United Church
Observer, the Upper Canada Baptist Missionary Magazine, and several
others. The most important British publications were the American Baptist
Free Mission Society (seen in the American Antiquarian Society),
Arminian Magazine, Baptist Annual Register, The Colonial Protestant,
Free Church of Scotland Monthly, and Herald of Peace. British and
Canadian popular periodicals were of substantial help'. These include
�518
A Note on Sources
A Note on Sources
519
Of Riches (1957) or The Innocent Traveller (1949) respectivelv Still
clnadiln erilS,S;
Anglo-American Magazine, Canadian Antiquarian,
prrj
Il‘ustrfed News- Canadian Magazine, The European Magazine
Monthlv’l d yp Cana?en‘ The Imperial Magazine, Knox College
Journal'TheTn
The Maple Lea<- Numismatic
Z ,'T
A Llterary and AntiSl™ery Journal, and The Unirsity agazine. Special interest publications were often of value- Ca
nadian Cigar and Tobacco Journal, Canada-West Indies Magazine, McDuff
!ro, r';
v?" Merchant, West India Commercial Cir-
cuiar, or the New York organ of the Ku Klux Klan, the American
Standard.
fun?seSdatA°nS °f \nd fM Canadiaa and American Negroes were careMly searched. Among these were those magazines discussed in Chapter 13
journal rt AtS A/kan In!erpreter’ African Repository and Colonial
i
, ' _ Afro~Ame/ican Magazine, The AME Church Review Amherstburg Quarterly Mission Journal, The Black Man, The Black Worker
c2Ze/r!nenCanr Challense’ The stored American Magazine, The
Th M Ha,vesl- Crisis, Ebony, The Freedman’s Advocate, The Informer
PalmTh^’v68™ Dl8eSt (D0W BlaCk W°rld)’ Negr0 World> Pine and
Palm, The Spoken Word," and The Street Speaker.
Most of the above were consulted at the Library of Congress the Yale
University Lib™,, ,b, British Mnsenm, or the&hombTJ CoM™
Exceptions are the Canadian religious periodicals, read in the New York
Pubhc Library, at Acadia University, McMaster University, the Union
SoStTtP S”r{/New Y°* City), the American Bapiist Historic^
y ( ochester, New York), or the Southwestern Baptist Theological
v^Tvh F°rlWonh)- Four earlier journals were consulted at the Har
vard library: American Baptist Magazine and Missiona,y Intelligencer
nublSdSe“sBatptlS‘ Maftme, Massachusetts Missionary Magazine (all
published m Boston), and Vermont Baptist Missionary Magazine
(Ruttwe^fl
J’°UrAnaIS gave
t0 othera> of a secular nature, in the
twentieth century. Again, as m the 1920s so in the 1960s, Canadian fiction
m magazines and books reflected continental norms, and the black man was
set to play the same roles in Canadian as in American fiction. Negroes be
gan to appear with regularity in Canadian novels, still as stock figures but
now supporting °*T stereotyPes- Mazo de la Roche wrote her poorest
h k’!fr0miP8 at Jahla (1961). about pro-Southern Canadians during the
r
Civil War; Ernest Buckler, a highly regarded Maritime novelist, was to
prove unexpectedly graceless when he attempted to hint at prejudice in
Nova Scotia’s classrooms in his 1959 short story, “Long, Long after School”
(A fanttc Advocate, 52 [1959], 42-44); and even GabrieUe Roy and Ethel
Wilson, fastidious writers both, could not bring black men to life in Street
D.«, ,„d tvtog L„lm,
r„ -rs-sri«2r- “d ^ i»«"
L™‘
undesirable Negroes, so did lib.,1
men
novels: The Apprenticeship of Daddy KravTtz (1959) r/! .SUCCessi011 °f
(1963), and CociW (1968) It wa left to 1’
Ineom*rdHe
srr “
covertly and frequently overtly-had become part of tte
baggage for the Canadian of the 1960s, a far wfder range ofmaterids S
.h...*h te
Zta p=Jddts^™ d”i «S
o?r“! ,0,bl'Clt-Whl“ "“«=>">■'- Few r«LS ,„ fa,t ,o nS
of the journals mentioned above, have been incorporated into the footnotes
rightly the provmce of the social scientist than of the humanist*1*10118 m°le
I
Still, , not all knowledge arises from the printed word. Interviews with
mo„
many dozens: of Canadian Negroes, from Cape Breton Uland to Vancou
!!L“’ fPSd t0 Provide a background of attitudes, recollections
regrets, and pleasures for the post-1865 years. Seldom
’
was I refused the
�1
I
520
A Note on Sources
gift of time, attention, and of being taken seriously; often this gift was
accompanied by a willingness to bring out faded photographs, wedding
invitations, and family Bibles, the visual evidence of a past that was
thought worth remembering. Such items are not “documents” to add to the
piling of note upon note—no more than the casual conversation with a
black laborer, a sidewalk artist, or a school custodian may be—but they
provide above all the interest and the pleasure to sustain the more traditional search for evidence. There are many thousands of Negroes in
Canada to whom I was not able to talk, and this study is the weaker for
that. It is nonetheless much the stronger for the help of those with whom
I could talk, for the fact that no one appeared to feel that the end result
would lack “relevance” to the continuing black experience.
These contacts often took place at the scenes of events described in
this book, for no archive can provide a substitute for traversing the ground
of history itself. One must see for oneself precisely where William King’s
house stood, or William Peyton Hubbard was buried, or John Clarkson
spoke to the assembled Nova Scotians. To see the Cockpit Country of
Jamaica; to view Freetown from the heights above Fourah Bay; to write
upon a table in Kingston upon Hull where Wilberforce wrote—in short, to
experience the place, the sight, and occasionally the sound of history is to
remind oneself that the historian must always use that slight gift of intuition
which makes the leaps of faith he takes between evidence and conclusion
possible. It is in such places and moments as these, as well as in the con
tinuing chase within the confines of an archive, that the historian must
ever seek his pleasure and his sole reward.
Index
In the index, as well as the text, hyphens appear in French-Canadian names when
their owners generally used them, and otherwise not. Place names in Canada but not
stanhvCHnameS d“Where’ are indexed- °nly ^ose footnotes which contain sub
discussion of a point are included in the index. The maps are omitted, as is
the Note on Sources, except for pages 512 and 519-20.
Abbott, Anderson Ruffin, 328-32 passim Afro-American Press Association, 393
335, 412n41
Afro-Beacon, The, 404
Abbott, Ellen Toyer, 328-29
Agnew, Stair, 44, 108, 109
Abbott, Wilson Ruffin, 211, 212, 226 Alake of Abeokuta, 167
255, 328-29, 357, 367
Alberta: settlement in, 287; Oklahoma
Acadia University, 350, 383
Negroes in, 303, 305-06; civil rights
Activism: in the church, 351-52; growth
legislation in, 428
of, 414-68
Alcan project, 422
Adams, Elias, 258
Alexander, Arthur, 314
Adams, Grantley Herbert, 442
Alexander, Charles, 277
Addington, 133
Alexander, Lincoln, 459-60, 489, 494
Adolphustown, 33
Allan, William, 352
Africa: migrations to Sierra Leone, 44, Allen, Isaac, 44, 108, 109
56, 57, 61-78, 90-94; Bulama settle Allen, Richard, 154-55, 355
ment in, 74, 75; settlement in Liberia, Allen, William, 152
154; Canadian reaction to apartheid Amber Valley, 303, 306, 308, 381
in, 445-48
Amelia Island, 116
African Aid Society, 168
American and Foreign Anti-Slavery So
African Association of Nova Scotia, 512
ciety, 173, 263, 264
African Baptist Association of Nova American Anti-Slavery Society, 149 179
Scotia, 139
220,236,263,490
’
*
African Methodist Episcopal Church American Baptist, The, 342
(AME), 154, 231, 355-60, 394
American Baptist Anti-Slavery Conven
African Methodist Episcopal Zion
tion, 219
Church (AMEZ), 355, 359
American Baptist Free Mission Society
African Orthodox Church, 354, 415
200-03 passim, 206, 230-31, 342
African Students Association of the American Baptist Missionary Union, 342
United States and Canada, 442
American Colonization Society, 154-55
African United Baptist Association of
162, 257
*
Nova Scotia, 139, 345-48 passim, American Missionary Association
386-87
(AMA), 207-08, 224-27, 271, 397
African United Nations Emergency
American Nazi Party, 468n66
Force, 445-46
American Revolution, affect on Negroes
Africa Speaks, 404, 408-09, 412/z40
29-31,46,61
“
3
Africville, 130, 348, 383, 384, 389, 411
American Tract Society, 221, 222
420, 441, 452-56
Amherst, 27, 52
Afro-American Council, 359
Amherst, Jeffrey, 24
521
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Lyman Wilmot House
Description
An account of the resource
This collection consists of records related to the Deerfield Public Library's research into whether or not the Wilmot house could be proved to have been a stop on the Underground Railroad.
Creator
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Deerfield Public Library
Source
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Deerfield Public Library
Publisher
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Deerfield Public Library
Date
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2002
Language
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English
Identifier
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DPL.0013
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
A Note on Sources
The Blacks in Canada: A History
Description
An account of the resource
Photocopy from The Blacks in Canada of a section entitled "A Note on Sources." Some highlighting.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Winks, Robin W.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Yale University Press
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1971
Language
A language of the resource
English
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
DPL.0013.033
A Bibliography of Antislavery in America
A Forty-Year MInuet
A Select Bibliography of the American Negro
A Side Light on Anglo-American Relations
A. Lloyd-Baker
Abby K. Foster
Aberystwyth Wales United Kingdom
Abolitionist Newspapers
Abstracts
Acadia Bulletin
Acadia Documents
Acadia University
Acadia University Library
Acadiensis Magazine
Activities
Actuarial Records
Adams Tolman
Addington Historical Society
Addington Ontario Canada
Adolphustown Canada
Advertising Revenue
Africa
Africa Speaks
African Aid Society
African American Fremasonry
African American Newspapers
African Americana
African Association of Nova Scotia
African Canadian Newspapers
African Methodist Episcopal Church
African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church
African Orthodox Church
African Repository and Colonial Journal
African Students Association of the United States and Canada
African United Baptist Association of Nova Scotia
African United Nations Emergency Force
Africville
Afro-American Council
Afro-American Press Association
Alake of Abeokuta
Alaskan Highway
Alberta Canada
Alberta Churches
Alberta Civil Rights Legislation
Alberta Department of Lands and Forests
Alcan Project
Alexander Crummell
Alexander McNeilledge
Alexander Tilloch Galt
Almanacs
Alvin McCurdy
Amasa Walker
Amber Valley
Amber Valley Alberta Canada
AME Church
Amelia Harris
Amelia Island
American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Reporter
American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society
American Anti-Slavery Society
American Antiquarian Society
American Antiquarian Society Stephen and Abby K. Foster Papers
American Baptist Anti-Slavery Convention
American Baptist Free Mission Society
American Baptist Free Mission Society Magazine
American Baptist Historical Society
American Baptist Magazine and MIssionary Intelligencer
American Baptist Missionary Union
American Civil War
American Colonization Society
American Consulates
American Missionary Association
American Missionary Magazine
American Nazi Party
American Negro History Society
American Reconstruction Era
American Revolution
American Standard Magazine
American Tract Society
Amherst
Amherstburg Association
Amherstburg Churches
Amherstburg Deeds
Amherstburg Echo
Amherstburg Ontario Canada
Amherstburg Public Library
Amherstburg Public Library Boyle Collection
Amherstburg Quarterly Mission Journal
Amherstburg Schools
Amos A. Lawrence
Amos A. Phelps
Amsterdam News
Anderson Ruffin Abbott
Angelina Grimke
Anglican Church
Anglican Interracial Marriages
Anglo-American Antislavery Connection
Ann Arbor Michigan
Anne Heloise Abel
Annotated Books
Annual Reports
Anthony Burns
Anti-Black Bias
Anti-Black Bias in History
Anti-Slavery and Aborigines Protection Society
Anti-Slavery Bugel
Anti-Slavery Examiner
Anti-Slavery in America from the Introduction of African Slaves to the Prohibition of the Slave Trade
Anti-Slavery Lecturer
Anti-Slavery Society of Canada
Antigonish Nova Scotia Canada
Antislavery Groups
Antislavery Pamphlets
Antislavery Societies
Apartheid
Archives
Archives du Palais de Justice
Archives Nationale
Archives of British Columbia
Archives of Saskatchewan
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Archives of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Branch
Arminian Magazine
Arthur Alexander
Arthur Hamer
Arthur Tappan
Artifacts
Asia
Assessment Rolls
Atlanta Georgia
Atlanta University
Atlantic Advocate Magazine
Atlantic Monthly Magazine
Auburn New York
Augustus F. Pemberton
Austin Steward
Autobiography
Aux Cayes Haiti
B.F. Stevens
Bahamas
Baltimore Maryland
Baptisms
Baptist Annual Register
Barrie Ontario Canada
Barrie Public Library
Bathurst
Bathurst The Gambia
Battleford Saskatchewan Canada
Beaver House
Bengough
Benjamin Drew
Benjamin Lundy
Benjamin Singleton
Benjamin Tappan
Berea College
Bermuda
Beverley England
Biased Histories
Bibliotheque Nationale
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Births
Black Canadians
Black History
Black Pioneers
Black World
BME Church
Booker T. Washington
Boston Athenaeum Library
Boston Massachusetts
Boston Public Library
Boston Public Library Maria Weston Papers
Breton Alberta Canada
British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Reporter
British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Reporter and Aborigines Friend
British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society
British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society Committee for the Welfare of Africans in Europe
British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society Research Library
British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society Thomas Binns Collection
British Colonial Office
British Columbia Association for the Advancement of Colored People
British Columbia Churches
British Military Records
British Museum
British Museum Additional Manuscripts on Exports and Imports of North America
British Museum Bright Papers
British Museum Chatham Papers
British Museum Clarkson Papers
British Museum Cobden Papers
British Museum Haldimand Papers
British Museum Layard Papers
British Museum Liverpool Papers
British Museum Peel Papers
British Museum Reading Room
British Museum Sturge Papers
British Naval Prisoners' Correspondence
British Periodicals
Broadsides
Brome County Historical Society
Bronze American
Brookline Massachusetts
Brookline Public Library
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
Bulama Settlement Sierra Leone
Burial Lists
Burials
Burnaby Canada
Calgary Alberta Canada
California University
Calvin W. Philleo
Cambridge Maritime Military Library
Cambridge Massachusetts
Canada
Canada Commissioner of Lands and Works
Canada Lieutenant Governor
Canada Week Magazine
Canada West
Canada West Education Department
Canada-West Indies Magazine
Canadian Antiquarian Magazine
Canadian Baptist Historical Association
Canadian Censuses
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Canadian Cigar and Tobacco Journal
Canadian Colonies
Canadian Evangelist Magazine
Canadian Fiction
Canadian Forum Magazine
Canadian Illustrated News
Canadian Labour Congress
Canadian Labour Congress Joint Advisory Committee on Human Relations
Canadian Labour Reports
Canadian Land TItles Office
Canadian League for the Advancement of Colored People
Canadian Library Association
Canadian Magazine
Canadian National Gallery of Art
Canadian Novels
Canadian Periodicals
Canadian Press
Canadian Press Clipping Service of Toronto
Canadian Prime Ministers
Canadian Provincial Archives
Canadian Rebellions of 1837-1838
Canadian Welfare Magazine
Canadian-West Indian Union
Cape Breton Island Canada
Carl van Vechten
Carter G. Woodson
Case Western Reserve University
Cecil Harmsworth King
Central Saanich Baptist Church
Certificates of TItle
Challenge
Chapel Hill North Carolina
Charles Alexander
Charles Este
Charles O. Paullin
Charles Stuart
Charles Sumner
Charles Wager
Charlottesville Virginia
Charlottetown Canada
Charlottetown Islander
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Chateau de Ramezay
Chatham Board of Education
Chatham Board of Public School Trustees
Chatham Board of Public School Trustees Meeting Minutes
Chatham Journal
Chatham Ontario Canada
Chatham Planet
Chatham-Kent Museum
Chicago Broad Ax
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Chicago Public Library
Chipman
Christ's Church
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Christian Guardian
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Church Missionary Society
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Cleveland
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Colonial Missionary Society
Columbia University
Columbia University George Plimpton Papers
Columbia University James T. Shotwell Collection
Columbia University John Bartlet Brebner Collection
Columbia University L.S. Alexander Gumby Collection of Negroiana
Columbia University Sydney Howard Gay Papers
Columbia University William J. Wilgus Collection
Columbus Ohio
Commentary Magazine
Concord Free Public Library
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Continental Congress
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Cornell University College Papers
Cornell University Samuel J. May Antislavery Pamphlet File
Cornell University Special Collections
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Crisi
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David William Smith
Death Certificates
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Delapre Abbey
Denison House
Detroit Historical Society
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Edward Everett Augustus John Foster
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Elizabeth Russell
Elizur Wright
Ellen Toyer Abbott
Ernest Buckler
Essex County Ontario Canada
Ethel Wilson
Etter
Evidence
Excelsior
Exchange
Exeter England
F.W. Pickens
Family Bibles
Family Letters
Fate Hope and Editorials: Contemporary Accounts and Opinions in the Newspapers 1862-1873
Fisk University
Fisk University American Missionary Association Archives
Fisk University Library
Flash
Fort Erie
Fort Malden Museum
Fort Malden National Historical Park
Fort Malden National Historical Park Museum
Fort Malden National Historical Park Museum F.C.B. Fall and Farney Papers
Fort Worth Texas
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Frances Write
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Francis Parkman
Frank Collins
Frank Hoyt Wood
Frank J. Klingberg
Franklin B. Sanborn
Fraternal Organizations
Fred Landon
Frederic L. Paxson
Frederick Douglass
Frederick Douglass' Paper
Fredericton Canada
Fredericton New Brunswick Royal Gazette
Free Church of Scotland Monthly Magazine
Freetown Sierra Leone
Freewill Baptist Quarterly Magazine
Fremont Ohio
French Archives de la Marine
French Archives des Colonies
French Canadian
Friends' House
Fugitive Slave Files
Fugitive Slave Settlements
Fur Trade
G.C. Porter
Gabrielle Roy
Genealogical Charts
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George Brown
George Ellis
George Julien
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George S. Smyth
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Gerrit Smith
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Gertrude Stein
Gideon Welles
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Glen Ladd
Glenbow Foundation Archives
Globe and Mail
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Gospel Tribune and Christian Communionist Magazine
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Grantley Herbert Adams
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Great Britain
Great Britain Public Record Office
Great Britain Public Record Office Admiralty Series 1
Great Britain Public Record Office British Army in America Headquarters Papers
Great Britain Public Record Office Chatham Papers
Great Britain Public Record Office Confidential Minute Papers on The Gambia
Great Britain Public Record Office WO Series 1
Greenwich Naval Library
Guide to the Manuscripts in London Archives for the History of the United States Since 1783
Guy Carleton
Halifax Acadian Recorder
Halifax Chronicle-Herald
Halifax Citadel Museum
Halifax Evening Mail
Halifax Herald
Halifax Journal
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Halifax Novascotian
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Halifax Royal Gazette
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Halvor Steenerson
Hamilton Ontario Canada
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Hamilton Spectator
Hampton University
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Hardwicke Court Granville Sharp Papers
Harlem New York City
Harper's Ferry
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Harriet Beecher Stowe
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Hartford Connecticut
Harvard Library
Harvard School of Public Health
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Harvard University Houghton Library
Harvard University Houghton Library Charles Sumner Papers
Harvard University Houghton LIbrary Houghton Theatre Collection
Harvard University Houghton Library Ralph Waldo Emerson Collection
Harvard University Houghton Library William H. Siebert Collection
Hazen
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Henry Bibb
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Henry Huntington Library
Henry Vandusen
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Henson
Herald of Peace Magazine
Herbert Aptheker
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Hitchin
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Hugh Gaine
Human Rights Commission
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Human Rights Commission Toronto Office Discrimination Files
Illiterate
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Index
India
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Interviews
Ipswich Central Library
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Irving Layton
Isaac Allen
Issac J. Rice
Ithaca New York
J. George Hodgins
J.B. Harkin
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J.W. Loguen
Jackie Robinson
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Jamaican Institute
James Buchanan
James C. Fuller
James G. Birney
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James Miller McKim
James Murray
James R. Roaf
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Jeffrey Amherst
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john Sherman
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John Wentworth
Joseph Brant
Joseph Howe
Joseph Sturge
Joshua Giddings
Joshua R. Giddings
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Journals
Julia Ward Howe
Kansas State Historical Society
Karl Shapiro
Kentucky
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Kingston Jamaica
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Kirkaldy Alberta Canada
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Knox College Monthly
Ku Klux Klan
L.S. Alexander Gumby
L'Action Nationale Magazine
Lambeth Palace Library
Land Records
Le Foyer Canadien
Leipzig Germany
Lennox Historical Society
Lennox Ontario Canada
Leonard Cohen
Letter Books of Dispatches to the Colonial Office
Letters of James Gillispie Birney
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Levi Coffin
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Liberator
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Library of Congress
Limbo
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Literary Criticism
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Local Histories
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London Daily Mirror
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Lot Plans
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Lowery's Claim
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Lydia Maria Child
M.L. Bondam
Maclean's Magazine
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Magdalen College
Maidstone Mirror
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Maine Historical Society
Maine Historical Society Robert Trelawny Collection
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Manuscript
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manuscripts
Maps
Marcel Trudel
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Maroon Wars
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Mazo de la Roche
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McGill University
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McGill University McCord Museum
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McMaster University
McMaster University Canadian Baptist Historical Association Collection
Methodist Missionary Society
Methodist Missionary Society Muniment Room
Mifflin Wistar Gibb
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Migration to Sierra Leone
Minnesota Historical Society
Minnesota Historical Society Halvo Steenerson Papers
Minutes
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Mitchell Library
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Mordecai Richler
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Municipal Employee Group Newsletters
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Nanaimo Archives
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National Anti-Slavery Bazaar
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
National Library of Scotland
National Library of Scotland Edward Ellice Papers
National Library of Wales
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Naval and Military Departments Treasury Letter Transcripts
Negro Digest
Negro World
Neith Magazine
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New Britain Public Library
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New Brunswick Museum Ryerson Papers
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New France
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New York Geographical Society
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New York Historical Society Correspondence on the Slave Trade and Slavery
New York Historical Society Frederick Douglass Papers
New York Historical Society Gerrit Smith Papers
New York Historical Society Granville Sharp Papers
New York Historical Society John Taylor Papers
New York Historical Society Miscellaneous Canada Collection
New York Historical Society Society for Promoting Manumission of Slaves Records
New York Historical Society Thomas Clarkson Papers
New York Library for the Performing Arts
New York Public Library
New York Public Library Alexander Crummell Collection
New York Public Library Gideon Welles Papers
New York Public Library Horace Greeley Papers
New York Public Library James Miller McKim Papers
New York Public Library John Edward Bruce Papers
New York Public Library Maria Trumbull Church Papers
New York Public Library Schomburg Collection
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New York Public Library William Lloyd Garrison Papers
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Norfolk Historical Society
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Nova Scotia Jamaican Maroons
Nova Scotia Journal of Education
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Novels
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Numismatic Journal
Oakland Art Gallery
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Oberlin College
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Odell
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Ohio State Historical Society
Ohio State Historical Society Benjamin Lundy Papers
Ohio State Historical Society John Brown Papers
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Ohio State Historical Society Wilbur H. Siebert Papers
Oklahoma
Old Township Settlements
Oliver Johnson
Onatario Department of Lands and Forests
Ontario Canada
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Ordres du Roi
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Orillia Public Library
Ottawa Canada
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Outlook Magazine
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Oxford Historical Society
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Oxford Rhodes House
Pamphlets
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Pennsylvania Abolition Society
Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society
Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society Underground Railroad Journal
Pennsylvania State Historical Society
Pennsylvania State Historical Society John Brown Papers
Pennsylvania State Historical Society Simon Gratz Collection
Personal Statements
Peter Russell
Petitions
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Prairie Provinces
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Public Archives of Canada Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine Papers
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Quantity
Quebec Canada
Quebec Gazette
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Queen Victoria
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Ralph Waldo Emerson
Raymond Souster
Redpath
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REgina
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Reuben Gold Thwaites
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Richard Allen
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Richmond Confederate Memorial Library
Richmond Virginia
Robert Baldwin
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Rochester New York
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Roman Catholic Church
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Samuel J. May Jr.
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Samuel Ringgold Ward
Samuel Ward
San Francisco California
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Sanborn
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Sarah Grimke
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Saturday Night Magazine
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Scrapbooks
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Self-Help Societies
Semi-Annual and Annual Session of the Grand Lodge of A.F. and A. Masons of Ontario
Sheffield Central Library
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Sheffield Central Library Archives Earl Fitzwilliam Papers
Shelburne Canada
Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone Archives
Sierra Leone Company
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Simcoe County Surrogate Court Office
Simeon Perkins
Simon Gratz
Smith College
Smith College Library
Smith College Library Sophia Smith Collection
Smith College Library W.L. Garrison II Collection
Society for Promoting Manumission of Slaves
Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Canadian Papers
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts Upper Canada Committee
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Nova Scotian Files
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel West African Files
Somerset House
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South Saanich Public School Visitor's Journal
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Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary
Special Interest Publications
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